Effect of anterior crowding or spacing on oral health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample characteristics and demographic distribution

Sample characteristics	Number (%)
Gender
Male	164 (53.2)
Female	144 (46.8)
Total	308
Mean age ± SD, years	25.19±7.29
Educational level
Below bachelor’s degree	113 (36.7)
Bachelor’s degree	178 (57.8)
Post-graduate degrees	17 (5.5)
Income, SR
<3,000	123 (39.9)
3,000–6,000	56 (18.2)
>6,000–9,000	58 (18.8)
>9,000	71 (23.1)

Table 2 The potential association between anterior malocclusion and OHIP-14

OHIP-14 daily activity	Crowding	Spacing
	n (%) (N=174)	n (%) (N=134)
Q1-Had problems pronouncing words
Presence of impact	36 (20.6)	47 (35.1)
p-value	0.001*	0.001*
Q2-Felt that the sense of taste worsened
Presence of impact	21 (12.1)	26 (19.4)
p-value	0.001*	0.001*
Q3-Had painful aching in the mouth
Presence of impact	98 (56.3)	78 (58.2)
p-value	0.09	0.05
Q4-Found it uncomfortable to eat any food
Presence of impact	78 (45.8)	63 (47)
p-value	0.17	0.49
Q5-Had been self-conscious
Presence of impact	79 (45.4)	86 (64.2)
p-value	0.22	0.001*
Q6-Felt tense
Presence of impact	66 (38)	67 (50)
p-value	0.001*	1
Q7-Had an unsatisfactory diet
Presence of impact	39 (22.4)	32 (23.9)
p-value	0.001*	0.001*
Q8-Had to interrupt meals
Presence of impact	38 (21.8)	33 (24.6)
p-value	0.001*	0.001*
Q9-Found it difficult to relax
Presence of impact	41 (23.6)	37 (27.6)
p-value	0.001*	0.001*
Q10-Had been a bit embarrassed
Presence of impact	74 (42.5)	71 (53)
p-value	0.04*	0.49
Q11-Had been irritable with other people
Presence of impact	59 (33.9)	60 (44.8)
p-value	0.001*	0.22
Q12-Had difficulty doing usual jobs
Presence of impact	35 (20.1)	29 (21.6)
p-value	0.001*	0.001*
Q13-Felt that life in general was less satisfactory
Presence of impact	37 (21.3)	39 (29.1)
p-value	0.001*	0.001*
Q14-Had been totally unable to function
Presence of impact	20 (11.5)	16 (11.9)
p-value	0.001*	0.001*

Notes: Absence of impact = never or hardly ever; presence of impact = occasionally, fairly often, or very often.

* p-value is significant.

Abbreviation: OHIP-14, oral-health impact profile-14.