Predicting treatment course and outcome using a promotion and prevention framework in a community sample of arthritis sufferers

Figures & data

Figure 1 Consort diagram.

Table 1 Item maps for composite measures of promotion and prevention

RFQ subscale	RFQ item	CES-D item	Neo-Pi-R item	PANAS item
Promotion	1(R)	4, 16	3	5, 16
Promotion	3	–	16	3, 9, 12
Promotion	7	–	–	14
Promotion	9(R)	–	–	17
Promotion	10	8	–	10
Promotion	11(R)	12	1, 6, 19, 33	1, 19
Prevention	2(R)	10	21, 22	8, 20
Prevention	4(R)	–	18	2, 6
Prevention	5	–	10	7, 18
Prevention	6(R)	–	–	13
Prevention	8(R)	5, 11	27	4, 11, 15

Notes: All composite items were positively scored. “–” = not applicable.

Abbreviations: RFQ, Regulatory Focus Questionnaire promotion scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; Neo-Pi-R, Revised NEO Personality Inventory; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Scale; R, reverse-coded RFQ items.

Figure 2 Path model with standardized parameter estimates of significant paths.

Notes: Solid lines represent significant paths. Dashed lines represent nonsignificant paths.
Abbreviations: Pre, prevention orientation; Pro, promotion orientation; Comp, changes in compliance; SE, changes in self-efficacy; Func, changes in functioning.

Table 2 SEM parameters and statistics

Path	Beta	β	SEb	z	p-value	prep
Prevention → compliance	−0.13	−0.07	0.03	−2.13	0.03	0.93
Prevention → self-efficacy	−0.23	−0.38	0.10	−3.65	0.00	1.00
Promotion → self-efficacy	0.11	0.16	0.10	1.73	0.08	0.91
Prevention → functioning	0.02	0.12	0.11	1.06	0.29	0.80
Promotion → functioning	0.23	0.32	0.10	3.21	0.00	0.99
Compliance → self-efficacy	0.22	0.66	0.17	3.80	0.00	0.99
Compliance → functioning	0.02	0.10	0.19	0.53	0.60	0.63
Self-efficacy → functioning	0.42	0.43	0.07	6.41	0.00	1.00
Prevention ↔ promotion	−0.56	−0.20	0.03	−7.86	0.00	1.00

Notes: “→” refers to directional association with temporal precedence. “↔” refers to correlational association within the same time point.

Abbreviation: SEM, structural equation model.

Figure 3 Percentage of participants with improved functioning by median-split promotion/prevention classification profiles.

Note: Bars below 0.0 indicate more participants in this group decreased in functioning than increased in functioning.
Abbreviations: Pre, prevention; Pro, promotion; Both, prevention and promotion.