Prediction models of health-related quality of life in different neck pain conditions: a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the groups

	CNP (n = 50)	WHIP (n = 54)	NP-PH (n = 53)	NP-TMD (n = 45)
Age (years)	29.56 ± 10.62	32.46 ± 10.01	48.62 ± 13.22	36.75 ± 10.79
Gender, female, n (%)	36 (72.0)	25 (46.3)	49 (92.5)	41 (91.1)
Male, n (%)	14 (28)	29 (53.7)	4 (7.5)	4 (8.9)
Total SF-12 (%)	64.28 ± 21.93	36.95 ± 19.47	41.46 ± 19.24	61.62 ± 22.05
Physical SF-12 (%)	67.05 ± 26.65	31.15 ± 17.67	37.08 ± 23.84	60.67 ± 26.64
Mental SF-12 (%)	61.52 ± 23.19	42.75 ± 25.62	45.85 ± 20.1	62.58 ± 22.76
NDI (0–50)	13.06 ± 6.86	29.76 ± 9.05	18.89 ± 8.25	12.82 ± 5.14
VAS (mm)	41.1 ± 20.04	60.38 ± 24.58	60.4 ± 18.67	44.23 ± 21.68
BECK (0–63)	8.14 ± 5.49	14.57 ± 9.38	18.58 ± 10.49	15.4 ± 9.59
STAI (0–60)	26.2 ± 4.08	25.72 ± 6.9	24.86 ± 6.85	24.33 ± 6.37
CROMs (grades)
Flexion	47.72 ± 14.36	25.82 ± 10.58	47.02 ± 9.37	48.47 ± 14.55
Extension	55.69 ± 14.11	25.3 ± 12.7	63.97 ± 15.02	65.8 ± 16.19
Left rotation	59.04 ± 12.5	28.95 ± 13.74	61.68 ± 9.43	64.81 ± 11.26
Right rotation	57.32 ± 10.94	27.56 ± 13.11	62.8 ± 8.76	64.31 ± 7.68
Left lateral flexion	39.45 ± 8.84	23.17 ± 8.11	40.25 ± 7.00	41.23 ± 8.71
xRight lateral flexion	36.87 ± 9.12	24.33 ± 8.07	37.76 ± 6.89	38.58 ± 8.4

Note: Values are mean ± SD and n (%).

Abbreviations: CNP, chronic neck pain; WHIP, neck pain associated with acute whiplash; NP-PH, neck pain associated with chronic primary headache; NP-TMD, neck pain associated with temporomandibular dysfunction; NDI, Neck Disability Index; VAS, visual analog scale; BECK, Beck Depression Inventory; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; CROM, cervical range of movement; SF-12, Short Form-12 Health Survey.

Table 2 Correlation coefficients between measures

	SF-12 total	SF-12 physical	SF-12 mental	NDI	VAS	STAI	BECK
Chronic neck pain
SF-12 total	1	0.896**	0.861**	−0.682**	−0.137	−0.191	−0.556**
SF-12 physical		1	0.546**	−0.728**	−0.056	−0.141	−0.493**
SF-12 mental			1	−0.453**	−0.201	−0.199	−0.486**
NDI				1	0.142	0.227	0.575**
VAS					1	0.118	0.179
STAI						1	0.405**
BECK							1
Acute whiplash
SF-12 total	1	0.851**	0.932**	−0.468**	−0.083	−0.177	−0.575**
SF-12 physical		1	0.604**	−0.515**	−0.101	−0.271	−0.414**
SF-12 mental			1	−0.355**	−0.057	−0.082	−0.588**
NDI				1	0.338*	0.114	0.529**
VAS					1	−0.049	0.292
STAI						1	−0.016
BECK							1
Neck pain with primary headache
SF-12 total	1	0.897**	0.851**	−0.476**	−0.29	−0.151	−0.814**
SF-12 physical		1	0.531**	−0.422*	−0.083*	−0.93	−0.673**
SF-12 mental			1	−0.411*	−0.043	−0.178	−0.76**
NDI				1	0.41*	0.128	0.52**
VAS					1	0.088	0.133
STAI						1	−0.028
BECK							1
Neck pain with temporomandibular dysfunction
SF-12 total	1	0.909**	0.873**	−0.637**	−0.474*	−0.125	−0.389*
SF-12 physical		1	0.591**	−0.583**	−0.425*	0.256	−0.299
SF-12 mental			1	−0.551**	−0.414*	−0.057	−0.406*
NDI				1	0.442**	−0.026	0.211
VAS					1	0.026	−0.227
STAI						1	0.225
BECK							1

Notes:

* P < 0.05;

** P < 0.01.

Abbreviations: NDI, Neck Disability Index; VAS, visual analog scale; BECK, Beck Depression Inventory; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SF-12, Short Form-12 Health Survey.

Table 3 Regression model for SF-12 total in each neck pain group

Criterion variable: SF-12
Group
CNP	Overall model
	R^2 = 0.5, adjusted R^2 = 0.489, F = 44.943
	Predictor variables	Regression coefficient (B)	Standardized coefficient (β)	P-value	VIF
	NDI	−2.343	−0.707	<0.001**	1.00
	Excluded variables
	BECK	–	−0.188	0.186	1.806
	STAI	–	−0.019	0.861	1.064
	VAS	–	−0.038	0.728	1.021
WHIP	Overall model
	R^2 = 0.33, adjusted R^2 = 0.317, F = 25.145
	Predictor variables	Regression coefficient (B)	Standardized coefficient (β)	P-value	VIF
	BECK	−1.182	−0.236	<0.001**	1.00
	Excluded variables
	NDI	–	−0.226	0.096	1.396
	STAI	–	−0.184	0.108	1.00
	VAS	–	0.97	0.426	1.098
NP-HP	Overall model
	R^2 = 0.781, adjusted R^2 = 0.751, F = 26.187
	Predictor variables	Regression coefficient (B)	Standardized coefficient (β)	P-value	VIF
	BECK	−1.758	−0.907	<0.001**	1.084
	STAI	−0.85	−0.253	0.02*	1.017
	VAS	0.321	0.243	0.028*	1.077
	Excluded variables
	NDI	–	0.118	0.366	1.633
NP-TMD	Overall model
	R^2 = 0.505, adjusted R^2 = 0.484, F = 23.495
	Predictor variables	Regression coefficient (B)	Standardized coefficient (β)	P-value	VIF
	NDI	−2.573	−0.711	<0.001**	1.00
	Excluded variables
	BECK	–	-0.158	0.302	1.048
	STAI	–	0.238	0.108	1.012
	VAS	–	-0.130	0.462	1.375

Notes:

* P < 0.05;

** P < 0.01.

Abbreviations: VIF, variance inflation factor; CNP, chronic neck pain; WHIP, neck pain associated with acute whiplash; NP-PH, neck pain associated with chronic primary headache; NP-TMD, neck pain associated with temporomandibular dysfunction; NDI, Neck Disability Index; VAS, visual analog scale; BECK, Beck Depression Inventory; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; SF-12, Short Form-12 Health Survey.