Development and validation of an instrument to measure patient engagement in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant demographics and frequencies

Indicator	Participants
	n	%
Gender
Male	175	54.0
Female	149	46.0
Age group (years)
18–40	53	16.4
41–60	150	46.3
≥61	121	37.3
Education
No education/primary	53	16.4
Secondary	109	33.6
Post-secondary	93	28.7
Tertiary or above	69	21.3
Received government allowance
Yes	33	10.2
No	291	89.8
Current living status
Living alone	16	4.9
Living with family/others	305	94.1
Living in institution^Citation2	3	1.0
Current working status
Retired	110	34.0
Unemployed	11	3.4
Employed	142	43.9
Housewife	56	17.3
Full time student	5	1.4
Having chronic condition
Yes	266	82.1
No	58	17.9

Table 2 Exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and Rasch analysis of the 20-item PEI

No	Questionnaire items	EFA				Internal consistency			Test–retest		Rasch analysis		Internal validity
		Dimensions				Item-total correlation	Cronbach’s alpha	Alpha if item deleted	Weighted kappa	ICC	Outfit	Infit
		1	2	3	4
	Overall						0.91			0.82			0.61a
	Dimension I: self-information search						0.79			0.71			0.40a
1	Search diagnosis information about your health problem (1)	0.78				0.67		0.62	0.87		1.208	1.207
2	Search treatment information about your health problem (eg, medicine, surgery) (6)	0.77				0.72		0.67	0.64		1.294	1.206
3	Search self-care information about your health problem (11)	0.74				0.77		0.59	0.59		1.033	1.040
	Dimension II: communication with professionals						0.73			0.75			0.48a
4	Ask medical staffs diagnosis information about your health problem on your own initiative (2)		0.40			0.39		0.32	0.68		0.971	0.931
5	Ask medical staffs treatment information about your health problem on your own initiative (eg, medicine, surgery) (7)		0.37			0.48		0.42	0.63		0.923	0.846
6	Ask medical staffs self-care information about your health problem on your own initiative (12)		0.57			0.68		0.59	0.41		1.268	1.217
7	Require the medical staff’s explanation about the diagnosis results of your health problem (3)		0.74			0.54		0.45	0.68		1.119	1.051
8	Require the medical staff’s explanation about the treatment process of your disease (8)		0.63			0.68		0.59	0.80		0.937	0.969
9	Require the medical staff’s explanation about how to improve the ability of self-care (13)		0.57			0.66		0.54	0.50		0.699	0.681
	Dimension III: partnership						0.90			0.67			0.50a
10	Share your experience and perspective with medical staff to discuss the diagnosis results (4)			0.63		0.66		0.63	0.62		0.916	0.860
11	Share your experience and perspective with medical staff to			0.72		0.80		0.76	0.45		0.952	0.967
	discuss the treatment regimen (9)
12	Share your experience and perspective with medical staff to discuss how to improve the ability of self-care (14)			0.67		0.79		0.74	0.79		0.879	0.919
13	To partner with medical staff and decide to make disease management plan together (5)			0.81		0.75		0.71	0.73		0.880	0.886
14	To partner with medical staff and make a decision to choose and implement the treatment regimen together (10)			0.86		0.79		0.75	0.55		0.689	0.718
15	To partner with medical staff and make a decision to relieve the symptoms and recapture health together (15)			0.83		0.81		0.76	0.50		0.767	0.778
	Dimension IV: health maintenance						0.82			0.64			0.52a
16	Search the information to maintain your physical and mental health (16)				0.51	0.43		0.40	0.60		1.264	1.225
17	Ask medical staffs information about how to maintain physical and mental health on your own initiative (17)				0.77	0.72		0.66	0.61		1.022	1.023
18	Require the medical staff’s explanation about how to maintain physical and mental health (18)				0.82	0.75		0.67	0.40		1.086	1.069
19	Share your experience and perspective with medical staff to discuss how to maintain physical and mental health (19)				0.50	0.81		0.71	0.70		0.662	0.716
20	To partner with medical staff and make a decision to maintain physical and mental health together (20)				0.49	0.78		0.68	0.63		0.752	0.748

Note:

a P<0.01. Numbers in parenthesis indicate the original order of items in the questionnaire.

Abbreviations: PEI, Patient Engagement Index; ICC, intercorrelation coefficient; EFA, the Exploratory Factor Analysis.

Table 3 Descriptive statistics for each dimension

Dimension	Overall	Self-information search	Communication with professionals	Partnership	Health maintenance
n	324	324	324	324	324
Range	0–100	0–100	0–100	0–100	0–100
Min	4.17	0	4.17	0	0
Max	93.06	100	100	95.83	100
Median	37.5	41.67	50	50	30
Mean	37.6	38.09	47.83	26.89	29.01
SD	16.87	23.16	15.94	22.04	19.91
Ceiling effect (%)	1.34	1.52	1.83	0.98	1.22
Floor effect (%)	29.92	21.92	17.87	47.13	30.33

AbelsonJLiKWilsonGShieldsKSchneiderCBoesveldSSupporting quality public and patient engagement in health system organizations: development and usability testing of the Public and Patient Engagement Evaluation ToolHealth Expect201619481782726113295

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