Perspectives and experiences of Thai adults using wheelchairs regarding barriers of access to dental services: a mixed methods study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics participants included in quantitative phase

Variables	Number or median (min–max)	Percent or mean (SD)
Totala	156	100
Barthel ADL scores	16 (12–19)	15.63 (2.06)
Age (years)	49 (21–62)	48.29 (8.70)
<49 years	57	36.5
≥49 years	99	63.5
Gender
Female	43	27.6
Male	113	72.4
Income per month
≥15,000 THB (475 USD)b	34	21.8
<15,000 THB	122	78.2
Education
>Primary	52	33.3
≤Primary	104	66.7
Attended dental servicec
Yes	34	21.8
No	122	78.2
Dimensions of access
Accessibility
Yes	34	21.8
No	122	78.2
Availability
Yes	38	24.4
No	118	75.6
Acceptability
Yes	38	24.4
No	118	75.6
Affordability
Yes	31	19.9
No	125	80.1
Accommodation
Yes	30	19.2
No	126	80.8
Awareness
Yes	24	15.4
No	132	84.6

Notes:

a All participants relied on government Universal Health Coverage, including dental benefits.

b 15,000 Thai Baht (475 US dollars).

c Attended at least 1 dental care visit in the previous 12 months.

Abbreviations: ADL, activity of daily living; min–max, minimum–maximum.

Table 2 Factors associated with dental services attendance within 12 months of the quantitative phase

Variables	Attended at least one dental care service		P-valueb
	Yesa	Noa
Total	34 (21.8)	122 (78.2)
Age (years)
<49 years	17 (29.8)	40 (70.2)	0.073
≥49 years	17 (17.2)	82 (82.8)
Gender
Female	12 (27.9)	31 (72.1)	0.281
Male	22 (19.5)	91 (80.5)
Income per month
≥15,000 THB (475 USD)c	7 (20.6)	27 (79.4)	1.000
<15,000 THB	27 (22.1)	95 (77.9)
Education
>Primary	19 (36.5)	33 (63.5)	0.003
≤Primary	15 (14.4)	89 (85.6)
Dimensions of access
Accessibility
Yes	10 (29.4)	24 (70.6)	0.244
No	24 (19.7)	98 (80.3)
Availability
Yes	11 (28.9)	27 (71.1)	0.259
No	23 (19.5)	95 (80.5)
Acceptability
Yes	12 (31.6)	26 (68.4)	0.114
No	22 (18.6)	96 (81.4)
Affordability
Yes	9 (29.0)	22 (71.0)	0.331
No	25 (20.0)	100 (80.0)
Accommodation
Yes	10 (33.3)	20 (66.7)	0.137
No	24 (19.0)	102 (81.0)
Awareness
Yes	6 (25.0)	18 (75.0)	0.788
No	28 (21.2)	104 (78.8)

Notes:

a Number (%).

b Statistical calculation by Fisher’s exact test.

c 15,000 Thai Baht (475 US dollars).

Table 3 Simple bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses of dental services attendance of the quantitative phase

Variables	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-valuea
Age			0.087
<49 years (Ref)	1	1
≥49 years	2.050 (0.948–4.433)	2.045 (0.902–4.635)
Education			0.003
>Primary (Ref)	1	1
≤Primary	3.416 (1.557–7.497)	3.488 (1.549–7.854)
Dimensions of access
Accessibility			0.995
Yes (Ref)	1	1
No	1.701 (0.718–4.030)	0.996 (0.255–3.891)
Acceptability			0.587
Yes (Ref)	1	1
No	2.014 (0.882–4.601)	1.515 (0.338–6.786)
Accommodation			0.721
Yes (Ref)	1	1
No	2.125 (0.882–5.122)	1.299 (0.310–5.435)

Notes: The sample size was 156 samples.

a P-value for multivariate logistic regressions; constant = −0.375.

Abbreviation: Ref, reference group.

Table 4 Demographic characteristics of participants included in qualitative phase

Variables	Number (%) or median (range)
Total	33 (100)
Barthel ADL scores	17 (14–19)
Age (years)	49 (22–57)
Gender
Female	19 (57.6)
Male	14 (42.4)
Income per month
≥15,000 THB	6 (18.2)
<15,000 THB	27 (81.8)
Education
>Primary	33 (100)
≤Primary	0
Dimensions of access
Accessibility
Yes	7 (21.2)
No	26 (78.8)
Availability
Yes	8 (24.2)
No	25 (75.8)
Acceptability
Yes	9 (27.3)
No	24 (72.7)
Affordability
Yes	6 (18.2)
No	27 (81.8)
Accommodation
Yes	8 (24.2)
No	25 (75.8)
Awareness
Yes	8 (24.2)
No	25 (75.8)

Abbreviation: ADL, activity of daily living.