Demand and willingness to pay for different treatment and care services among patients with heart diseases in Hanoi, Vietnam

Figures & data

Table 1 List of services and bids (unit: US$)

Services	Bid 1	Bid 2	Bid 3	Bid 4	Bid 5
Administrative
Selecting preferred physicians	22.0	44.1	88.1	11.0	5.5
Schedule appointments (during work hours)	4.4	8.8	17.6	2.2	1.1
Schedule appointments (out-of-work hours)	22.0	44.1	88.1	11.0	5.5
Hospital-based
Pick up to the hospital by hospital cars and staff for examination	22.0	44.1	88.1	11.0	5.5
Perform examination, ultrasound, ECG, and INR after CVD intervention/surgery at the hospital	26.4	52.9	105.7	13.2	6.6
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at the hospital to treat CVD	23.8	47.6	95.2	11.9	5.9
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at the hospital to manage, consult, and prevent CVD and other-related diseases	23.8	47.6	95.2	11.9	5.9
Home-based
General examination at home	22.0	44.1	88.1	11.0	5.5
Perform examination, ultrasound, ECG, and INR after CVD intervention/surgery at home	61.7	123.3	246.7	30.8	15.4
(with one physician and one nurse)
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at home to CVD (with 1 physician and 1 nurse)	57.3	114.5	229.1	28.6	14.3
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at home to manage, consult, and prevent CVD and other-related diseases (with 1 physician and 1 nurse)	61.7	123.3	246.7	30.8	15.4

Note: Exchange rate 22,700 VND = US$ 1.

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; ECG, Electrocardiography; INR, international normalized ratio – for testing prothrombin time.

Figure 1 The bidding process.

Notes: N: No/unwillingness to pay; Y: Yes/willingness to pay.

Table 2 Demographics of respondents

Characteristics	Urban		Rural		Total		P-value
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Gender
Male	115	41.1	134	41.9	249	41.5	0.84
Female	165	58.9	186	58.1	351	58.5
Age group, years
<30	22	7.9	34	10.6	56	9.3	0.20
30-<45	24	8.6	31	9.7	55	9.2
45-<60	71	25.4	96	30.0	167	27.8
>60	163	58.2	159	49.7	322	53.7
Occupation
Unemployment	35	12.5	35	10.9	70	11.7	<0.01
Freelancer	23	8.2	14	4.4	37	6.2
White-collara	46	16.4	18	5.6	64	10.7
Blue-collarb	65	23.2	168	52.5	233	38.8
Student	5	1.8	11	3.4	16	2.7
Others	106	37.9	74	23.1	180	30.0
Education
Illiterate	19	6.8	32	10.0	51	8.5	<0.01
Primary school	38	13.6	76	23.8	114	19.0
Secondary school	81	28.9	147	45.9	228	38.0
High school	64	22.9	46	14.4	110	18.3
College	30	10.7	8	2.5	38	6.3
University	45	16.1	11	3.4	56	9.3
Postgraduate	3	1.1	0	0.0	3	0.5
Having health insurance
Yes	231	82.5	265	82.8	496	82.7	0.92
No	49	17.5	55	17.2	104	17.3
Type of patients
Outpatient	141	50.4	159	49.7	300	50.0	0.87
Inpatient	139	49.6	161	50.3	300	50.0
Total	280	46.7	320	53.3	600	100.0

Notes:

a White collar: office or administrative jobs.

b Blue collar: manual, labor-intensive jobs.

Table 3 Demand for different services among patients

Services	Urban		Rural		Total		P-value
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Administrative
Selecting preferred physicians (n=547)	108	42.0	78	26.9	186	34.0	P<0.01
Schedule appointments (during work hours) (n=544)	107	41.8	69	24.0	176	32.4	P<0.01
Schedule appointments (out-of-work hours) (n=544)	96	37.5	61	21.2	157	28.9	P<0.01
Hospital-based service
Pick up to the hospital by hospital cars and staff for examination (n=543)	142	55.5	107	37.2	249	45.9	P<0.01
Perform examination, ultrasound, ECG, and INR after CVD intervention/surgery at the hospital (n=544)	164	64.1	187	64.9	351	64.5	0.83
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at the hospital to treat CVD (n=543)	216	84.4	231	80.5	447	82.3	0.24
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at the hospital to manage, consult, and prevent CVD and other-related diseases (n=543)	216	84.4	231	80.5	447	82.3	0.24
Home-based services
General examination at home (n=544)	142	55.5	106	36.8	248	45.6	P<0.01
Perform examination, ultrasound, ECG, and INR after CVD intervention/surgery at home (with one physician and one nurse) (n=542)	114	44.5	96	33.6	210	38.8	0.01
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at home to CVD (with 1 physician and 1 nurse) (n=542)	136	53.1	112	39.2	248	45.8	P<0.01
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at home to manage, consult, and prevent CVD and other-related diseases (with 1 physician and 1 nurse) (n=542)	136	53.1	110	38.5	246	45.4	P<0.01

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; ECG, electrocardiography; INR, international normalized ratio – for testing prothrombin time.

Table 4 Amount of willingness to pay for different services of patient with CVD (unit: US$)

Components of package	Urban		Rural		Total
	Mean	95% CI	Mean	95% CI	Mean	95% CI
Administrative
Selecting preferred physicians (n=186)	8.8	7.2 to 10.4	6.3	4.8 to 7.8	7.5	6.3 to 8.6
Schedule appointments (during work hours) (n=176)	2.4	1.9 to 0.4	1.5	7.8 to 1.9	1.9	1.6 to 2.2
Schedule appointments (out-of-work hours) (n=157)	5.6	4.3 to 6.8	4.1	2.8 to 5.4	4.8	3.9 to 5.7
Hospital-based service
Pick up to the hospital by hospital cars and staff for examination (n=248)	11.4	9.3 to 13.5	8.5	6.6 to 10.4	9.8	8.4 to 11.2
Perform examination, ultrasound, ECG, and INR after CVD intervention/surgery at the hospital (n=351)	19.6	16.9 to 22.4	19.4	17.0 to 21.8	19.5	17.7 to 21.3
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at the hospital to treat CVD (n=447)	23.0	20.6 to 25.3	20.9	18.9 to 23.0	21.9	20.3 to 23.4
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at the hospital to manage, consult and prevent CVD and other-related diseases (n=447)	22.2	20.1 to 24.3	20.3	18.5 to 22.2	21.2	19.8 to 22.6
Home-based service
General examination at home (n=248)	12.6	10.4 to 2.2	7.5	5.7 to 9.2	9.8	8.4 to 11.2
Perform examination, ultrasound, ECG, and INR after CVD intervention/surgery at home (with one physician and one nurse) (n=210)	23.0	18.2 to 27.8	19.1	14.5 to 23.7	20.9	17.6 to 24.2
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at home to CVD (with one physician and one nurse) (n=248)	24.4	19.6 to 29.1	19.9	15.4 to 24.4	22.0	18.7 to 25.2
Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at home to manage, consult, and prevent CVD and other-related diseases (with 1 physician and 1 nurse) (n=246)	25.6	20.8 to 30.4	20.5	2.4 to 25.0	22.9	19.6 to 26.2

Note: n: the number of participants said yes to the first question: “Would you be willing to pay for (name of service)?”.

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; ECG, electrocardiography; INR, international normalized ratio – for testing prothrombin time.

Table 5 Associated factors with the amount of willingness to pay for different administrative services

Factors	Selecting preferred physicians		Schedule appointments (during work hours)		Schedule appointments (out-of-work hours)
	Coef.	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI
Age group (vs <30 years)
• ≥60 years	−3.4**	−6.5 to −0.4
Occupation (vs unemployed)
• Freelancer	14.1***	7.3 to 20.9	4.7***	2.9 to 6.6	12.8***	7.8 to 17.8
• White-collar	8.1***	2.5 to 13.8	1.2	−0.3 to 2.8
• Blue-collar	5.6***	2.2 to 9.0	1.7***	0.8 to 2.6	4.3***	1.7 to 6.8
Education (vs less than high school)
• High school					2.3	−0.7 to 5.4
• Above high school	3.2	−1.6 to 8.0	2.1***	0.8 to 3.4	8.5***	5.0 to 12.0
Living location (rural vs urban)	−4.4***	−7.6 to −1.2	−1.2***	−2.1 to −0.4	−1.8	−4.2 to 0.7
Having health insurance (No vs Yes)	10.6***	6.4 to 14.8	2.8***	1.7 to 3.9	7.7***	4.6 to 10.8
Number of times visiting hospital in the last 12 months	−0.4**	−0.7 to −0.0
Type of patient (inpatient vs outpatient)					1.7	−0.6 to 4.1

Notes:

** P<0.05;

*** P<0.01.

Table 6 Associated factors with the amount of willingness to pay for different hospital-based services

	Pick up to the hospital by hospital cars and staff for examination		Perform examination, ultrasound, ECG, and INR after CVD intervention/surgery at the hospital		Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at the hospital to treat CVD		Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at the hospital to manage, consult, and prevent CVD and other-related diseases
	Coef.	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI
Age group (vs <30 years)
• 45-<60 years	3.9	−0.8 to 8.5
Occupation (vs unemployed)
• Freelancer	15.0***	6.1 to 24.0	24.9***	7.9 to 41.8
• White-collar					−26.2***	−41.2 to −11.3	−23.3***	−37.1 to −9.6
• Blue-collar					−21.9***	−32.2 to −11.7	−19.6***	−29.0 to −10.2
• Student					−21.5	−48.6 to 5.6	−18.1	−43.3 to 7.1
• Others	−3.9	−8.5 to 0.8
Education (vs less than high school)
• High school	9.0***	3.3 to 14.6
• Above high school	11.1***	5.2 to 17.1
Living location (rural vs urban)	−3.7*	−7.9 to 0.6
Having health insurance (No vs Yes)	12.4***	6.7 to 18.2
Number of times visiting the hospital in the last 12 months							1.1**	0.1 to 2.0
Type of patient (inpatient vs outpatient)	3.9*	−0.3 to 8.1			−12.2**	−21.6 to −2.8

Notes:

* P<0.1;

** <0.05;

*** <0.01. All coefficients with P<0.2 are presented.

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; ECG, electrocardiography; INR, international normalized ratio – for testing prothrombin time; Coef, Coefficient.

Table 7 Associated factors with the amount of willingness to pay for different home-based services

	General examination at home		Perform examination, ultrasound, ECG, and INR after CVD intervention/surgery at home		Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at home to CVD (with 1 physician and 1 nurse)		Perform examination, ultrasound, and ECG at home to manage, consult, and prevent CVD and other- related diseases
	Coef.	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI
Age group (vs <30 years)
• 45-<60 years	6.8***	2.3 to 11.3			6.9	−3.9 to 17.7	5.9	−5.1 to 16.9
• ≥60 years			−6.0	−15.0 to 3.0
Occupation (vs unemployed)
• Freelancer	20.8***	12.1 to 29.6	55.8***	35.6 to 76.0	53.0***	32.0 to 73.9	41.2***	20.0 to 62.3
• White-collar	4.9	−2.5 to 12.3	16.6**	0.0 to 33.1
• Blue-collar			10.9**	0.8 to 20.9	10.2*	−0.5 to 21.0	10.6*	−0.5 to 21.6
Education (vs less than high school)
• High school	4.5	−0.9 to 9.9			10.9*	−2.0 to 23.7	11.9*	−1.2 to 25.0
• Above high school	7.4**	1.0 to 13.9	9.8	−4.1 to 23.7	20.8***	6.7 to 34.9	17.1**	2.6 to 31.5
Living location (rural vs urban)	−5.4**	−9.5 to −1.2	−7.0	−16.4 to 2.4	−8.4*	−18.4 to 1.5	−10.1*	−20.3 to 0.1
Having health insurance (No vs Yes)	10.1***	4.4 to 15.7	18.3***	6.5 to 30.2	22.2***	9.1 to 35.3	23.7***	10.4 to 37.1
Type of patient (inpatient vs outpatient)	4.2**	0.0 to 8.3			10.1**	0.5 to 19.8	11.4**	1.5 to 21.3

Notes:

* P<0.1;

** <0.05;

*** <0.01. All coefficients with P<0.2 are presented.

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; ECG, electrocardiography; INR, international normalized ratio – for testing prothrombin time; Coef, Coefficient.