Feasibility and willingness to pay for dengue vaccine in the threat of dengue fever outbreaks in Vietnam

Figures & data

Figure 1 The Bidding process (Unit: US$).

Notes: N indicates unwillingness to pay; Y indicates WTP. Since there was no data about the cost of dengue vaccine available in Vietnam, the starting bid (US$ 66.1) was established by referring studies in other countries such as Brazil, Thailand and Colombia.^7,34–36
Abbreviation: WTP, willingness to pay.

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of participants

	Willing to pay		Not willing to pay		Total		P-value
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	255	77.3	75	22.7	330	100.0
Gender
Male	133	77.3	39.0	22.7	172	52.1	0.98
Female	122	77.2	36.0	22.8	158	47.9
Education
< High school	48	75.0	16.0	25.0	64	20.3	0.23
High school	75	84.3	14.0	15.7	89	28.2
> High school	123	75.5	40.0	24.5	163	51.5
Marital status
Single	120	77.9	34.0	22.1	154	47.2	0.90
Married	133	77.3	39.0	22.7	172	52.8
Occupation
Unemployed	17	77.3	5.0	22.7	22	6.7	0.03
Freelancer	75	88.2	10.0	11.8	85	25.8
White-collar worker	44	67.7	21.0	32.3	65	19.7
Worker/farmer	22	64.7	12.0	35.3	34	10.3
Students	61	80.3	15.0	19.7	76	23.0
Others	36	75.0	12.0	25.0	48	14.6
Living location
Urban	200	77.8	57.0	22.2	257	77.9	0.66
Rural	55	75.3	18.0	24.7	73	22.1
Health insurance
Yes	170	80.2	42.0	19.8	212	64.6	0.15
No	85	73.3	31.0	26.7	116	35.4
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P-value
Age	31.3	12.6	32.6	13.2	31.6	12.7	0.47
Monthly household income (USD)	861.0	1,222.5	1,199.1	2,373.0	918.3	1,477.6	0.45

Table 2 Epidemiological characteristics

Clinical characteristics	Willing to pay		Not willing to pay		Total		P-value
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Types of patients
In-patient	113	79.0	30	21.0	143	44.7	0.64
Out-patient	136	76.8	41	23.2	177	55.3
Level of severity
Mild	38	73.1	14	26.9	52	15.8	0.73
Symptomatic	176	77.9	50	22.1	226	68.5
Severe	41	78.9	11	21.2	52	15.8
Having comorbidities	92	81.4	21	18.6	113	34.2	0.20
Having problems in mobility	91	79.1	24	20.9	115	35.0	0.61
Having problems in self-care	67	77.0	20	23.0	87	26.4	0.90
Having problems in usual activities	79	73.2	29	26.8	108	33.0	0.17
Pain/discomfort	171	75.7	55	24.3	226	68.9	0.25
Anxiety/depression	82	73.2	30	26.8	112	34.2	0.19
Epidemiological characteristics	n	%	n	%	n	%
Having neighborhoods with DF	111	79.3	29	20.7	140	43.1	0.59
Having relatives with DF	47	77.1	14	23.0	61	19.0	0.81
Traveled to other locales in the last 15 days	36	81.8	8	18.2	44	14.3	0.53
Having relatives who traveled to other locales in the last 15 days	17	81.0	4	19.1	21	6.8	0.76
Mosquitoes density at home
Very low	87	78.4	24	21.6	111	38.0	0.10
Low	58	85.3	10	14.7	68	23.3
Normal	28	70.0	12	30.0	40	13.7
High	41	69.5	18	30.5	59	20.2
Very high	13	92.9	1	7.1	14	4.8
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P-value
Duration of illness (days)	5.5	3.3	5.4	7.0	5.5	4.3	0.06

Abbreviation: DF, dengue fever.

Table 3 Awareness and Attitude toward dengue vaccine

	Willing to pay		Not willing to pay		Total		P-value
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Know any dengue vaccine	51	82.3	11	17.7	62	19.8	0.80
Necessity of dengue vaccine
Extreme necessary	38	92.7	3	7.3	41	13.4	,0.01
Very necessary	91	91.9	8	8.1	99	32.3
Necessary	108	75.5	35	24.5	143	46.6
Not necessary	13	54.2	11	45.8	24	7.8
Want family’s members to be vaccinated
Yes					267	85.0
No					47	15.0

Figure 2 Amount of WTP among respondents for a three-dose regime of the vaccine.

Notes: According to different sociodemographic characteristics: (A) gender; (B) education; (C) marital status; (D) living location and (E) occupations.
Abbreviation: WTP, willingness to pay.

Figure 3 Cumulative proportion of patients willing to pay for three-dose regime vaccine according to the maximum amount reported.

Table 4 Several factors are associated with willingness to pay for dengue vaccination services

Characteristics	Willingness to pay for dengue vaccine		Amount of willingness to pay (unit: US$)
	OR	95% CI	Coef.	95% CI
Age	0.94a	0.89–0.99
Education (vs < high school)
> High school			31.31a	3.26–59.35
Marital status (married vs single)			28.02	−1.19 to 57.22
Having health insurance (yes vs no)	0.21a	0.05–0.82
Income quintile (vs poorest)
Richest			62.76a	25.40–100.13
Traveled to other locales in the last 15 days (yes vs no)	0.14a	0.03–0.70
Mosquito density at home (vs very low)
Normal			−35.01	−72.88 to 2.86
Duration of DF (day)	1.41a	1.08–1.84	6.18a	0.72–11.63
Level of severity (vs mild)
Symptomatic			29.05	−7.95 to 66.05
Having comorbidities (yes vs no)	3.61	0.89–14.64
Having problems in mobility (yes vs no)	5.13a	1.18–22.31
Having problems in usual activities (yes vs no)			−31.18a	−61.09 to −1.28
Anxiety/depression (yes vs no)	0.13a	0.03–0.55	−49.43	−81.63 to 17.24
Being aware of dengue vaccine (yes vs no)			−24.45	−62.38 to 13.48
Perceiving necessity of dengue vaccine (yes vs no)	5.17	0.69–38.78

Note:

a P<0.05.

Abbreviation: DF, dengue fever.

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