Integrating factors associated with hypertensive patients’ self-management using structural equation modeling: a cross-sectional study in Guangdong, China

Figures & data

Table 1 Classification of hypertension stage and CVD risk

Blood pressure and risk factors	SBP 140–159 and/or DBP 90–99	SBP 160–179 and/or DBP 100–109	SBP ≥180 and/or DBP ≥110
Hypertension stage	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3
No risk factorsa	Low	Moderate	High
One to two risk factors	Moderate	Moderate	High
Three or more risk factors or clinical complicationsb	High	High	High

Notes:

a Risk factors age >55 years for males or >65 years for females, family history of premature CVD, obesity (BMI ≥28 kg/m²), current or ever-smoking, hyperlipidemia.

b Clinical complications cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, kidney disease, peripheral vascular disease, kidney disease, diabetes mellitus.

Abbreviations: BMI, body-mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

Table 5 Correlations among observed variables

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1. Age
2. Disease course	0.28**
3. Disease knowledge	−0.02	0.08
4. Social support	−0.19**	−0.10	0.24**
5. Self-efficacy	0.18**	0.15*	0.20**	0.26**
6. Medication adherence	0.13*	0.13*	0.07	0.02	0.44**
7. Condition monitoring	0.11	0.04	0.21**	0.04	0.47**	0.20**
8. Diet management	0.17**	0.07	0.16*	0.24**	0.59**	0.10	0.33**
9. Sport management	0.14*	0.05	0.12*	0.05	0.25**	0.05	0.18**	0.21**
10. Work management	0.08	0.04	0.17**	0.17**	0.38**	0.38**	0.03	0.43**	0.34**
11. Emotion management	0.04	0.03	0.01	0.10	0.25**	0.06	0.16**	0.21**	0.21**	0.27**
Mean	61.34	9.16	13.76	37.09	66.15	2.83	15.88	43.64	12.65	20.91	30.57
Scale range	45–70	5–50	0–26	17–56	42–75	0–4	4–20	20–50	3–15	7–25	9–35
SD	5.97	7.89	5.87	6.61	6.63	1.39	3.68	5.50	3.28	4.62	5.64
Skewness	−0.54	1.68	−0.15	−0.11	−0.90	−0.83	−0.77	−1.27	−1.36	−0.98	−1.59
Kurtosis	−0.46	4.12	−0.64	0.22	0.59	−0.56	−0.13	1.70	0.96	−0.19	2.31

Notes:

* P<0.05;

** P<0.01.

Table 2 Demographics and disease characteristics of participants (n=268)

	n	%
Sex
Male	90	33.6
Female	178	66.4
Age-group, years
45–49	10	3.7
50–54	30	11.2
55–59	57	21.3
60–54	75	28.0
65–70	96	35.8
Education
Primary school or below	26	9.7
High school	196	73.1
College or above	46	17.2
Marital status
Single	4	1.5
Married/cohabitating	229	85.4
Divorced/widowed	35	13.1
Employment
Retired	231	86.2
Employed	35	13.1
Unemployed	2	0.7
Per capita disposable income, CN¥
≤1,200 (very poor)	6	2.2
1,201–2,000 (poor)	21	7.8
2,001–3,000 (average)	80	29.9
3,001–4,500 (good)	120	44.8
>4,500 (very good)	41	15.3
Medical insurance
Urban employed basic medical insurance	217	81.0
Urban resident basic medical insurance	37	13.8
Other medical insurance	10	3.7
Self-financed	4	1.5
BMI, kg/m^2
<18.5	10	3.7
18.5–23.9	121	45.1
24–27.9	95	35.4
≥28	42	15.7
Disease course, years
≤1	25	9.3
1.1–5	85	31.7
5.1–10	78	29.1
10.1–50	80	29.9
Clinical complications
Yes	115	42.9
No	153	57.1
Family history of hypertension
Yes	202	75.4
No	66	24.6
Hypertension
Stage 1	243	90.7
Stage 2	18	6.7
Stage 3	7	2.6
CVD risk
Low	14	5.2
Moderate	106	39.6
High	148	55.2
Control
Controlled	170	63.4
Uncontrolled	98	36.6

Abbreviations: BMI, body-mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease.

Table 3 Levels of disease knowledge, social support, and self-efficacy (n=268)

	n	Mean ± SD/%
Disease knowledge	268	13.76±5.87
Low (≤16)	173	64.6
Moderate (17–22)	75	28.0
High (23–28)	20	7.5
Social support	268	37.09±6.61
Low (≤38)	155	57.8
Moderate (39–51)	108	40.3
High (52–64)	5	1.9
Self-efficacy	268	66.15±6.63
Low (≤45)	2	0.7
Moderate (46–60)	51	19.0
High (61–75)	215	80.2

Table 4 Self-management levels of participants (n=268)

	Mean ± SD	Low		Moderate		High
		n	%	n	%	n	%
Medication adherence	70.80±34.67	108	40.3	25	9.3	135	50.4
Condition monitoring	79.38±18.40	56	20.9	81	30.2	131	48.9
Diet management	87.28±11.01	9	3.4	54	20.1	205	76.5
Sport management	84.30±21.88	53	19.8	49	18.3	166	61.9
Work management	83.63±18.47	48	17.9	46	17.2	174	64.9
Emotion management	87.36±16.11	23	8.6	53	19.8	192	71.6
Total	86.01±9.00	1	0.4	68	25.4	199	74.3

Figure 1 Structural equation model with standardized estimates.

Notes: ^*P<0.05; ^**P<0.001. Solid lines, paths differing significantly from zero; dotted lines, paths not differing significantly from zero.
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; Htn, hypertension.