Acceptability of and willingness to pay for using a smartphone-based vaccination application in a Vietnamese cohort

Figures & data

Figure 1 The bidding process (unit: US$).

Notes: N indicates unwillingness to pay; Y indicates WTP. Abbreviation: WTP, willingness to pay.

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants

Characteristics	Vaccinees						P-valuec
	Brought childrena		Get vaccinatedb		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Gender (n=427)							<0.01
Male	21	13.1	92	34.5	113	26.5
Female	139	86.9	175	65.5	314	73.5
Ethnicity (n=426)							0.01
Kinh	159	100	257	96.3	416	97.7
Others	0	0.0	10	3.8	10	2.4
Education (n=427)							<0.01
≤Secondary school	12	7.5	3	1.1	15	3.5
High school	12	7.5	130	48.7	142	33.3
>High school	136	85.0	134	50.2	270	63.2
Religion (n=425)							0.19
No	156	98.7	258	96.6	414	97.4
Others	2	1.3	9	3.4	11	2.6
Marital status (n=427)							<0.01
Single/divorced/widowed	15	9.4	201	75.3	216	50.6
Living with spouse/partner	145	90.6	66	24.7	211	49.4
Employment (n=423)							<0.01
Unemployment	5	3.2	3	1.1	8	1.9
Freelancer	26	16.7	20	7.5	46	10.9
White collars	104	66.7	79	29.6	183	43.3
Students	8	5.1	152	56.9	160	37.8
Others	13	8.3	13	4.9	26	6.2
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age (n=425) (years)	30.7	5.7	24.7	5.5	26.8	6.2	<0.01
Monthly household income (million VND, n=425)	20.8	52.8	13.4	11.4	15.9	32.2	<0.01

Notes:

a Participants who brought their children to receive vaccination at the selected clinic.

b Participants who went to the clinic to get vaccinated.

c P-values referred to the comparisons of the listed characteristics between the participants who brought their children to receive vaccination and those who got vaccinated at the selected clinic.

Abbreviation: VND, Vietnamese dong.

Table 2 Acceptability of using smartphone-based vaccination management applications

Characteristics	Vaccinees (n=424)						P-valuec
	Brought childrena		Get vaccinatedb		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Currently using a smartphone (n=424)	144	91.7	238	89.1	382	90.1	0.39
Frequency of using smartphone applications (n=382)							0.94
Never	0	0.0	1	0.42	1	0.26
Rarely	5	3.5	9	3.8	14	3.7
Sometimes	28	19.6	50	21.0	78	20.5
Frequently	100	69.9	161	67.7	261	68.5
Always	10	7.0	17	7.1	27	7.1
Awareness of existing vaccination management applications (n=380)	11	7.8	8	3.4	19	5.0	0.06
Prior usage of existing vaccination management applications (n=19)	9	81.8	2	25.0	11	57.9	0.01
Perception about the necessity of vaccination management applications (n=424)							0.21
Very unnecessary	3	1.9	8	3.0	11	2.6
Unnecessary	11	7.0	35	13.1	46	10.9
Neutral	16	10.2	25	9.4	41	9.7
Necessary	118	75.2	177	66.3	295	69.6
Very necessary	9	5.7	22	8.2	31	7.3
Willing to use vaccination management applications (n=367)	132	92.3	212	94.6	344	93.7	0.37
Reasons for being unwilling to use, or perceiving that vaccination management application is unnecessary
No access to a smartphone (n=64)	0	0.0	3	7.1	3	4.7	0.20
Sufficient information about vaccination available online (n=63)	10	45.5	18	43.9	28	44.4	0.91
Vaccination schedule reminders from community health care workers (n=59)	8	38.1	11	29.0	19	32.2	0.47
Others (n=88)	11	35.5	26	45.6	37	42.1	0.36

Notes:

a Participants who brought their children to receive vaccination at the selected clinic (n=157).

b Participants who went to the clinic to get vaccinated (n=267).

c P-values referred to the comparisons of the listed characteristics between the participants who brought their children to receive vaccination and those who got vaccinated at the selected clinic.

Table 3 WTP for smartphone-based vaccination management applications

Characteristics	WTPa			Amount of WTP (thousand VND)
	n	%	P-valueb	Mean	95% CI
WTP	272	79.1		92.7	78.1, 107.3
Gender (n=344)			0.24
Male	68	74.7		79.9	54.7, 105.1
Female	204	80.6		98.0	80.3, 115.8
Age (n=344)			0.47
<20 years	5	62.5		146.5	−14.5, 307.4
20–29 years	200	80.0		91.3	75.2, 107.3
≥30 years	67	77.9		91.2	60.3, 122.0
Ethnicity (n=343)			0.12
Kinh	262	78.4		92.1	77.2, 107.0
Others	9	100		136.0	53.2, 218.8
Education (n=344)			0.47
≤Secondary school	6	66.7		44.0	2.3, 85.7
High school	95	81.9		129.7	96.9, 162.5
>High school	171	78.1		74.2	59.5, 88.9
Religion (n=343)			0.48
Yes	7	70.0		47.8	3.9, 91.7
No	264	79.3		94.2	79.2, 109.2
Marital status (n=344)			0.96
Single/divorced/widowed	137	79.2		98.3	77.1, 119.6
Living with spouse/partner	135	79.0		87.3	67.3, 107.4
Employment (n=342)			0.45
Unemployment	4	57.1		290.6	30.5, 550.7
Freelancer	30	81.1		59.9	32.8, 86.9
White collars	122	80.3		76.4	58.6, 94.2
Students	102	80.3		107.3	81.2, 133.3
Others	13	68.4		143.9	56.6, 231.1
Vaccinees (n=344)			0.66
Brought childrenc	106	80.3		91.8	68.5, 115.0
Get vaccinatedd	166	78.3		93.1	74.4, 111.8

Notes:

a WTP data were reported of the participants who were at least neutral about the necessity of and willing to use smartphone-based vaccination management applications (n=344; Table 2).

b P-values referred to the comparisons of the listed characteristics between the participants who were willing to pay and those who were unwilling to pay for smartphone-based vaccination management applications.

c Participants who brought their children to receive vaccination at the selected clinic.

d Participants who went to the clinic to get vaccinated.

Abbreviations: VND, Vietnamese dong; WTP, willingness to pay.

Table 4 Associated factors with the acceptability of and WTP for using smartphone-based vaccination management applications

Characteristicsa	Willingness to use		WTP		WTP amount (thousand VND)
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	Coefficient	95% CI
Vaccinees (vs participants who brought their children)
Males who got vaccinated			0.41**	0.20, 0.85	−48.76**	−91.02, −6.49
Age group (vs <20 years old)
20–29 years old					−44.25**	−85.80, −2.69
≥30 years old	0.26**	0.07, 0.94
Educational status (vs ≤secondary school)
High school					70.41***	29.25, 111.58
Employment status (vs unemployment)
Freelancer	5.54**	1.27, 24.2
Household income (vs poorest)
Middle			2.01	0.78, 5.16
Richest	0.24**	0.07, 0.90	3.46**	1.08, 11.11	35.27	−11.59, 82.14
Having children under 6 years old (vs single)
Having children under 6 years old					−47.87	−102.05, 6.31
Adhering to vaccination schedules (vs yes)
Unknown					52.94	−4.49, 110.37
Source of vaccination schedule reminders (vs grandparents)
Parents					124.68**	20.53, 228.83
Self-management					74.78	−32.02, 181.58
Source of vaccination information (vs no)
Community health workers					42.65	−7.30, 92.61
Internet/news/television			1.97	0.87, 4.43
Source identified as the most reliable provider of vaccination information (vs community health workers)
Staff in hospitals with vaccination services			0.31**	0.13, 0.76
Internet/news/television			0.38	0.13, 1.06
Frequency of using smartphone applications (yes vs no)
Sometimes	0.38	0.11, 1.31	2.64	0.68, 10.25
Often			3.00	0.97, 9.24	33.39	−4.60, 71.38
Awareness of existing vaccination management applications (yes vs no)			0.28**	0.08, 0.99

Notes:

a Only the factors that were significantly correlated with the acceptability, WTP, or the WTP amount are reported in this table.

*** P<0.01;

** P<0.05.

Abbreviations: VND, Vietnamese dong; WTP, willingness to pay.