The relationship between patient engagement and health-related quality of life in patients: a cross-sectional study in general outpatient clinic in Hong Kong SAR, China

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics of respondents in the survey and comparison with the general population

	Participant		General population	p-value
	n	%	%
Gender
Male	302	44.0	46.1	0.89
Female	384	56.0	53.9
Age group (18–80)
18–34	142	20.7	37.4	0.03
35–44	88	12.8	15.6
45–54	149	21.7	16.8
55–64	210	30.6	14.8
>65	97	14.1	15.3
Education
No education/ Primary	99	14.4	18.9	0.47
Secondary	152	22.2	50.3
Post-secondary	243	35.4
Tertiary or above	192	28.0	30.8
Receive government allowance
Yes	61	8.9	11.1	0.81
No	625	91.1	88.9
Current living status
Live alone	56	8.2
Live with family/ others	627	91.4
Live in institution^Citation2	3	0.4
Marriage
Single	177	25.8	30.1	0.46
Married	467	68.1	58.4
Divorce	19	2.8	4.6
Widow	23	3.4	6.4
Current working status
Retired	124	18.1
Unemployment	25	3.6
Employment	368	53.6	51.3
Housewife	135	19.7
Full time student	34	5.0
Having chronic condition^#
Yes	492	71.4
No	188	27.1
Caregiver
Yes	28	4.1
No	658	95.9

Note: ^#people reported uncertain.

Figure 1 The distribution of PEI score and EQ-5D utility.

Figure 2 The boxplot of PEI score and EQ-5D utility based on sex and educational level.

Table 2 The PEI score and EQ-5D utility based on demographic characteristics

	EQ-5D utility			EQ-5D VAS			PEI score
	Mean	sd	p-value	Mean	sd	p-value	Mean	sd	p-value
Overall	0.92	0.13		73.26	14.08		37.02	16.14
Gender
Male	0.93	0.12	<0.01	73.28	13.85	0.97	32.75	16.60	<0.05
Female	0.91	0.13		73.24	14.27		38.03	15.72
Age group (18–80)
18–34	0.93	0.14	0.78	73.07	15.05	0.98	45.87	15.0	<0.001
35–44	0.91	0.14		72.90	15.18		40.63	15.89
45–54	0.92	0.13		73.79	14.52		37.59	15.17
55–64	0.92	0.10		73.12	12.84		33.83	15.04
>65	0.91	0.14		73.35	12.73		26.84	14.04
Education
No education/ Primary	0.90	0.15	<0.05	72.58	15.23	0.99	25.72	14.06	<0.001
Secondary	0.91	0.15		73.39	12.94		32.37	15.12
Post-secondary	0.92	0.12		73.93	13.32		38.06	14.49
Tertiary or above	0.93	0.09		72.66	15.28		45.31	15.22
Receive government allowance
Yes	0.86	0.16	<0.05	71.23	17.05	0.32	28.79	15.44	<0.001
No	0.92	0.12		73.46	13.75		37.83	15.99
Current living status
Live alone	0.91	0.12	0.79	73.66	12.56	0.82	31.74	13.82	<0.01
Live with family/ others	0.92	0.13		73.26	14.22		37.47	16.23
Marriage
Single	0.93	0.09	0.71	71.98	14.48	0.29	41.53	16.27	<0.01
Married	0.92	0.14		73.74	14.11		35.85	15.91
Divorce	0.91	0.11		72.63	13.16		34.09	12.51
Widow	0.90	0.13		73.91	10.66		28.62	15.21
Current working status
Retired	0.92	0.13	0.25	75.04	13.23	0.38	29.86	15.31	<0.001
Unemployment	0.91	0.10		69.80	16.92		34.30	18.48
Employment	0.92	0.11		73.41	13.89		39.27	15.67
Housewife	0.90	0.17		71.44	14.52		36.41	15.75
Full time student	0.93	0.11		74.88	14.56		43.33	15.76
Having chronic condition
Yes	0.92	0.13	0.39	73.13	13.89	0.56	35.97	16.31	<0.01
No	0.92	0.10		73.83	14.38		40.07	15.37
Caregiver
Yes	0.85	0.24	0.59	74.64	15.51	0.63	38.08	24.73	0.89
No	0.92	0.12		73.20	14.02		36.89	15.70

Table 3 The mean score of PEI of different dimensions on different levels of EQ-5D dimension

EQ-5D	n	Diagnosis		Treatment		Rehabilitation		Health Maintenance		Overall
		Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd
Mobility
1	621	42.36	22.49	45.9	17.0	22.91	20.61	24.45	18.62	37.06	16.22
2	46	37.14	21.78	45.2	13.15	24.52	20.10	24.67	16.91	35.62	14.09
3	17	42.65	26.5	49.51	16.26	25.33	22.39	23.53	16.75	39.16	19.61
4	2	50.0	10.0	39.58	14.73	31.25	18.66	30.0	24.65	40.28	11.13
Self-care
1	675	42.02	22.52	45.85	16.75	22.93	20.48	24.50	18.50	36.93	16.11
2	8	35.42	21.25	46.88	13.5	31.08	22.48	20.62	17.61	37.79	15.64
3	3	63.89	19.25	61.11	17.35	40.74	34.42	25.0	18.03	55.25	18.75
Usual activities
1	661	41.82	22.44	45.81	16.73	22.96	20.44	24.58	18.56	36.86	16.03
2	20	44.17	23.43	47.50	16.74	23.06	23.60	21.75	16.64	38.24	17.82
3	5	66.67	26.35	60.42	14.23	48.96	20.01	23.75	14.93	58.68	17.71
Pain/discomfort
1	393	41.92	23.01	45.64	17.51	23.67	20.99	24.58	18.61	37.08	16.63
2	191	43.94	20.41	47.36	16.04	23.98	20.37	25.16	18.74	38.43	15.41
3	96	39.15	23.97	45.27	14.35	19.18	19.30	22.86	16.99	34.53	15.24
4	6	36.11	30.12	29.17	13.69	20.60	16.70	20.0	15.5	28.63	17.23
Anxiety/depression
1	549	42.14	22.13	45.73	16.81	23.41	20.71	25.02	18.40	37.1	16.03
2	109	42.43	22.70	46.75	16.14	22.52	20.72	23.30	18.70	37.23	16.4
3	21	40.48	30.31	48.41	18.42	18.39	18.03	18.33	18.12	35.76	17.87
4	7	33.33	27.64	40.48	15.54	16.85	14.23	17.14	15.76	31.94	18.27

Table 4 Regression analyses of patient engagement and EQ-5D and all socio-demographic variables

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Coefficient	95% Confidence Interval	SE	Coefficient	95% Confidence Interval	SE	Coefficient	95% Confidence Interval	SE
EQ-5D utility	2.66*	0.23~12.31	5.11	1.77*	0.55~8.87	4.64	1.04	−10.09~8.29	4.69
Female				3.42*	1.11~5.73	1.18	3.74*	1.15~6.32	1.32
35–44				−2.13	−6.54~1.93	2.16	−3.46	−8.21~1.29	2.42
45–54				−4.48*	−8.33~−0.63	1.97	−5.88*	−10.4~−1.35	2.31
55–64				−6.07**	−9.87~−2.27	1.94	−7.49**	−12.2~−2.78	2.41
>65				−11.92***	−16.38~−7.46	2.28	−13.95***	−19.94~−7.96	3.06
Secondary				5.13*	1.21~9.06	2.00	4.76*	0.77~8.75	2.03
Post-secondary				9.82***	6.08~13.56	1.91	9.39***	5.54~13.25	1.97
Tertiary or above				15.39***	11.09~19.68	2.19	14.97***	10.53~19.41	2.27
Receive allowance							2.06	−2.77~6.9	2.47
Live with family/ others							1.04	−2.57~4.66	1.84
Married							1.46	−6.46~9.38	4.04
Divorce							−0.86	−8.05~6.32	3.67
Widow							−4.19	−11.33~2.95	3.64
Unemployment							−3.09	−10.03~3.84	3.54
Employment							−1.56	−6.33~3.01	2.38
Housewife							−1.66	−5.24~2.93	2.09
Full time student							−1.15	−6.01~2.89	2.27
No chronic condition							−0.75	−3.49~1.99	1.40
Have caregiver							2.09	−3.87~8.06	3.05

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviation: SE, Standard error.

Stewart M. Towards a global definition of patient centred care. The patient should be the judge of patient centred care. BMJ. 2001;322:444–445. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7284.44411222407

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