Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Hemodialysis in Medellín (Colombia)

Figures & data

Figure 1 Participants’ selection process.

Table 1 Description of the Study Population

	Variables	n	% (95% CI)
Sex	Female	72	50.7 (42.5–58.8)
	Male	70	49.3 (41.2–57.5)
Class	Lower	81	57.0 (48.8–65.0)
	Middle	56	39.4 (31.7–47.6)
	Upper	5	3.5 (1.4–7.5)
Comorbidities	Malignant tumor in solid organ	8	5.6 (2.7–10.3)
	COPD	10	7.0 (3.7–12.1)
	Diabetes mellitus	61	43.0 (35.0–51.2)
	Heart failure	31	21.8 (15.6–29.1)
	Coronary artery disease	28	19.7 (13.8–26.8)
	Peripheral arterial disease	14	9.9 (5.8–15.6)
	Connective tissue disorder	9	6.3 (3.2–11.2)
	High blood pressure	131	92.3 (87.0–95.8)
Catheter	Temporary dialysis catheter	11	7.7(4.2–13.0)
	Refusal to use a fistula	45	32.1 (24.8–40.2)
Medical history	Surgery in the last year	32	22.5 (16.3–29.9)
	Solid organ transplant	19	13.4 (8.5–19.7)
	Admission to the Intensive Care Unit	32	22.5 (16.3–29.9)
Conditions or therapies	Immunosuppressants	21	14.8 (9.7–21.3)
	Use of antibiotics	63	55.6 (36.4–52.6)
	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	Minimum–Maximum
Age	61.3 ± 16.1	–	20.0–92.0
Number of cohabitants	4.7 ± 4.7	–	1.0–40.0
Charlson Index (study)	–	6.0 (4.0–7.0)	2.0–12.0
Karnofsky Index	–	80.0 (80.0–90.0)	40.0–90.0
Serum albumin	3.9 ± 0.6	–	1.9–5.1
Hemoglobin	11.0 ± 2.0	–	6.0–18.0

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR, interquartile range.

Figure 2 Percentage of population with problems in each of the EQ-5D-5L domains.

Table 2 Description of the HRQL Profile and Psychometric Assessment of the Scale

	SF-12	Disease Burden	Symptoms	Kidney Disease
Mean ± SD	48.9 ± 22.3	35.0 ± 27.5	67.4 ± 19.4	50.8 ± 25.2
Range	0–100	0–100	0–100	0–100
Minimum (%)	0.8	10.6	0.8	0.7
Maximum (%)	0.8	5.7	1.6	1.5
Cronbach’s alpha	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.8
Correlation range item-domain	0.5–0.8	0.7–0.8	0.5–0.7	0.5–0.8
% of success for internal consistency	100 (12/12)	100 (4/4)	100 (12/12)	100 (8/8)
Correlation range item-other domain	0.2–0.5	0.3–0.4	0.2–0.6	0.2–0.6
% success for discriminant validity	1000 (36/36)	100 (12/12)	100 (36/36)	100 (24/24)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.

Table 3 Comparison of HRQL with Demographic and Clinical Variables

		SF-12	Disease Burden	Symptoms	Kidney Disease
Sex	Female	49.6 ± 21.1^a	37.5 (12.5–56.3)^b	68.1 ± 18.2^a	51.6 ± 25.0^a
	Male	48.2 ± 23.7^a	25.0 (12.5–43.8)^b	66.6 ± 20.7^a	49.9 ± 25.6^a
Socioeconomic class	Lower	48.8 ± 23.3^d	25.0 (6.3–43.8)^c	64.6 ± 22.1^d	50.2 ± 25.3^d
	Middle	48.7 ± 21.3^d	31.3 (21.9–50.0)^c	71.2 ± 13.9^d	50.4 ± 24.5^d
	Upper	41.9 ± 22.8^d	46.9 (18.8–78.1)^c	63.0 ± 18.7^d	59.4 ± 27.4^d
Smoking	No	50.5 ± 21.1^a	31.3 (12.5–62.5)^b	70.0 ± 17.7^a	53.7 ± 25.0^a
	Yes	46.9 ± 23.3^a	31.3 (12.5–43.8)^b	63.8 ± 21.0^a	47.6 ± 25.3^a
Malignant tumor in solid organ	No	48.3 ± 21.9^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)b	67.3 ± 19.5^a	50.6 ± 25.5^a
	Yes	59.0 ± 29.0	31.3 (12.5–37.5)^b	68.0 ± 19.5^a	54.5 ± 20.6^a
COPD	No	50.4 ± 22.3^a,**	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	67.4 ± 19.3^a	51.6 ± 25.1^a
	Yes	29.4 ± 10.8^a,**	18.8 (0.0–37.5)^b	66.7 ± 22.2^a	39.6 ± 26.2^a
Diabetes mellitus	No	53.9 ± 22.0^a,**	31.3 (18.8–62.5)^b,*	72.9 (56.3–83.3)	55.6 ± 23.8^a,*
	Yes	42.1 ± 21.1^a,**	25.0 (6.3–37.5)^b,*	64.6 (52.1–79.2)	44.5 ± 25.8^a,*
Heart failure	No	49.2 ± 23.2^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	68.7 ± 18.8^a	52.2 ± 24.7^a
	Yes	47.9 ± 19.6^a	25.0 (12.5–43.8)^b	62.3 ± 20.8^a	45.7 ± 26.8^a
Heart attack/revascularization	No	50.4 ± 22.5^a	31.3 (12.5–56.3)^b	72.9 (56.3–83.3)*	53.1 ± 24.7^a,*
	Yes	43.1 ± 21.2^a	25.0 (9.4–34.4)^b	62.5(52.1–72.9)*	42.2 ± 25.7^a,*
Peripheral arterial disease	No	50.0 ± 22.3^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	71.9(52.1–81.3)^b	50.8 ± 25.4^a
	Yes	37.2 ± 19.6^a	31.3 (25.0–56.3)^b	64.6 (56.3–79.2)^b	50.3 ± 24.9^a
Connective tissue disorder	No	49.1 ± 22.2^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	67.1 ± 19.3^a	53.1 (31.3–68.8)^b
	Yes	47.0 ± 25.0^a	25.0 (6.3–50.0)^b	71.1 ± 21.6^a	56.3(21.9–62.5)^b
High blood pressure	No	59.7 ± 29.5^a	37.5 (12.5–62.5)^b	68.5 ± 17.4^a	53.4 ± 35.8^a
	Yes	48.0 ± 21.5^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	67.3 ± 19.6^a	50.6 ± 24.4^a
Temporary dialysis catheter	No	50.1 ± 22.3^a,*	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	71.9(55.2–2.3)^b,*	52.2 ± 24.4^a,*
	Yes	35.5 ± 19.5^a,*	37.5 (0.0–50.0)^b	56.3 (47.9–64.6)^b,*	34.7 ± 29.9^a,*
Refusal to use a fistula	No	47.5 ± 22.1^a	31.3 (12.5–43.8)^b	64.8 ± 19.9^a,*	53.1 (28.1–68.8)^b
	Yes	52.5 ± 22.6^a	31.3 (18.8–62.5)^b	72.8 ± 16.5^a,*	56.3 (37.5–78.1)^b
Surgery in the last year	No	49.521.8^a	31.3 (12.5–46.9)^b	70.8 (52.1–81.3)^b	51.3 ± 25.4^a
	Yes	47.2 ± 24.1^a	31.3 (12.5–56.3)^b	68.8 (56.3–81.3)^b	49.0 ± 25.0^a
Transplant history	No	48.2 ± 22.4^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	67.4 ± 19.6^a	51.3 ± 25.3^a
	Yes	53.0 ± 21.9^a	18.8 (12.5–56.3)^b	67.3 ± 18.4^a	47.4 ± 25.2^a
Hospitalization	No	51.0 ± 21.6^a	37.5 (12.5–62.5)^b	69.5 ± 17.8^a	53.8 ± 25.4^a
	Yes	47.5 ± 22.8^a	25.0 (12.5–43.8)^b	66.0 ± 20.3^a	48.8 ± 25.1^a
Admission to the intensive care unit	No	49.5 ± 21.4^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	67.6 ± 18.6^a	56.3 (31.3–68.8)^b
	Yes	46.7 ± 25.8^a	25.0 (12.5–37.5)^b	66.7 ± 22.3^a	50.0 (25.0–68.8)^b
Immunosuppressants	No	48.5 ± 22.6^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	71.9(55.2–81.3)^b	50.7 ± 25.6^a
	Yes	51.0 ± 21.2^a	37.5 (12.5–56.3)^b	64.6(47.9–83.3)^b	51.0 ± 23.9^a
Use of antibiotics	No	50.4 ± 24.1^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	67.9 ± 19.8^a	50.2 ± 25.5^a
	Yes	47.2 ± 20.3^a	31.3 (12.5–50.0)^b	68.0 ± 18.6^a	52.2 ± 25.3^a

Notes: ^aStudent’s t-test compares mean figures, ^bMann–Whitney U-test compares median figures, ^cKruskal–Wallis H-test, ^dANOVA, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Table 4 Correlation Coefficients Between HRQL Dimensions and Clinical and Demographic Variables

	SF12	Disease Burden	Symptoms	Kidney Disease
Age	−0.1^a	−0.1^a	−0.0^a	−0.1
Number of cohabitants	−0.2^a,*	−0.2^a,*	−0.2^a,*	−0.1
Charlson Index	−0.2^a,*	−0.2^a,*	−0.1^a	−0.2^a,*
Karnofsky Index	0.5^a,**	0.2^a,**	0.2^a,*	0.3^a,**
Serum albumin	0.4^a,**	0.2^a,*	0.3^a,**	0.3^a,**
Hemoglobin	0.2^a,*	0.0^a	0.2^a,*	−0.1^a

Notes: ^aSpearman correlation, *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01.

Table 5 Linear Regression Models for Each of the HRQL Dimensions

Dimension	Model Variables	Regression Coefficient	Coefficient of Determination
SF12	Serum albumin	10.2	35.0%
	Karnofsky Index	0.9
Disease burden	Karnofsky Index	0.5	5.4%
Symptoms	Heart attack/revascularization	−8.3	23.9%
	Refusal to use a fistula	7.4
	Number of cohabitants	−0.8
	Serum albumin	12.6
Kidney disease	Karnofsky Index	0.6	15.3%
	Serum albumin	9.2