Effectiveness of a Patient-Centered Weight Management Model in a Community Pharmacy: An Interventional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Pharmacist’s interventions according to the patient’s BMI.¹⁰

Table 1 Evaluation of Patients’ Clinical Variables During the Follow-Up

Variable (n, %)	Baseline Visit	2-Month Visit	Final Visit	P-value (2-Month Visit-Baseline Visit)	P-value (Final Visit-2-Month Visit)	P-value (Final Visit-Baseline Visit)
Anthropometric variables
BMI				<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Normal weight (18–24.9)	35 (10.6)	59 (17.9)	75 (22.7)
Overweight class I (25–26.9)	51 (15.5)	70 (21.2)	76 (23.0)
Overweight class II (27–29.9)	78 (23.6)	71 (21.5)	66 (20.0)
Obesity class I (30–34.9)	93 (28.2)	71 (21.5)	64 (19.4)
Obesity class II (35–39.9)	47 (14.2)	41 (12.4)	35 (10.6)
Obesity class III (>40)	26 (7.9)	18 (5.5)	14 (4.2)
Weight (kg) (mean. sd)	81.6 (17.9)	77.9 (17.3)	76.2 (16.9)	0.014	0.190	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm) (mean. sd)	103.9 (14.1)	101.6 (13.9)	100.2 (13.7)	0.026	0.165	<0.001
Biochemical variables
Cholesterol				0.029	0.012	<0.001
Normal	297 (90.0)	311 (94.2)	324 (97.2)
∘ Without treatment	264	280	299
∘ With treatment	33	31	25
Uncontrolled	33 (10.0)	18 (5.5)	6 (1.8)
Not available		1 (0.3)
LDL cholesterol				0.006	0.604	0.001
Normal	291 (88.2)	305 (92.4)	313 (94.8)
∘ Without treatment	264	276	289
∘ With treatment	27	29	24
Uncontrolled	26 (7.9)	10 (3.0)	8 (2.4)
Not available	13 (3.9)	15 (4.5)	9 (2.7)
Triglycerides				0.105	0.155	0.004
Normal	317 (96.1)	323 (97.9)	327 (99.1)
∘ Without treatment	313	319	325
∘ With treatment	4	4	2
Uncontrolled	13 (3.9)	6 (1.8)	2 (0.6)
Not available		1 (0.3)	1 (0.3)
Blood glucose				0.401	0.633	0.193
Normal	316 (95.8)	320 (97.0)	322 (97.6)
∘ Without treatment	306	311	314
∘ With treatment	10	9	8
Uncontrolled	14 (4.2)	10 (3.0)	8 (2.4)
Glycosylated hemoglobin				0.689	0.994	0.683
Normal	315 (95.5)	317 (96.1)	318 (96.4)
∘ Without treatment	306	309	310
∘ With treatment	9	8	8
Uncontrolled	14 (4.2)	12 (3.6)	12 (3.6)
Not available	1 (0.3)	1 (0.3)

Table 2 Evaluation of Other Patients’ Health Problems During the Follow-Up

Health Problem	Baseline Visit (N=330)	2-Month Visit (N=330)	Final Visit (N=330)	P-value (2-Month Visit-Baseline Visit)	P-value (Final Visit−2-Month Visit)	P-value (Final Visit-Baseline Visit)
Mood disorders				0.391	0.127	0.017
No	229 (69.4)	239 (72.4)	256 (77.5)
Yes	101 (30.6)	91 (27.6)	74 (22.5)
∘ No treatment	44 (13.3)	2 (0.6)	1 (0.3)
∘ Controlled with effective treatment	32 (9.7)	83 (25.2)	69 (21.0)
∘ Ineffective treatment	25 (7.6)	6 (1.8)	4 (1.2)
Insomnia				-	0.179	0.179
No	267 (81.0)	267 (81.0)	280 (84.9)
Yes	63 (19.0)	63 (19.0)	50 (15.1)
∘ No treatment	17 (5.1)	3 (0.9)	0 (0)
∘ Controlled with effective treatment	33 (10.0)	53 (16.1)	45 (13.6)
∘ Ineffective treatment	13 (3.9)	7 (2.1)	5 (1.5)
Digestive disorders				0.144	0.452	0.024
No	268 (81.2)	282 (85.5)	289 (87.6)
Yes	62 (18.8)	48 (14.5)	41 (12.4)
∘ No treatment	22 (6.7)	4 (1.2)
∘ Controlled with effective treatment	39 (11.8)	44 (13.3)	41 (12.4)
∘ Ineffective treatment	1 (0.3)

Table 3 Description of the Medication Use in the Patients During the Followed-Up

Variables	Baseline Visit		2-Month Visit		Final Visit
	N	%	N	%	N	%
People with at least 1 medication	204	61.8	231	70.0%	240	72.7
Medications per person (mean. sd)*	3.7	2.6	3.6	2.7	3.6	2.8
Adherence to treatment
Yes	131	64.5	212	91.8	217	90.4
No	72	35.5	13	5.6	9	3.8
No Data	1	0.5	6	2.6	14	5.8

Note: *In those people with at least 1 medication.

Table 4 Description of the Drug-Related Problems and Negative Clinical Adverse Drug Reactions Detected in the Patients at Baseline and During the Followed-Up

Variables (n. %)	Baseline Visit		2-Month Visit
	N	%	N	%
Patients with drug-related problems	186	56.4	27	8.19
Drug related problems	308		27
Incorrect administration	2	0.6
Personal characteristics	1	0.3
Inadequate conservation	1	0.3
Contraindication	1	0.3
Dose inadequate, pattern and/or duration	89	28.8	8	14.8
Duplicity	1	0.3
Non compliance	11	3.6
Interactions	2	0.6
Other health problems that affect medication	2	0.6
Probability of adverse effects	10	3.3
Insufficiently treated health problem	188	61.3	19	70.3
Patients with negative clinical results associated with medication	186	56.4	22	6.7
Negative clinical results associated with medication	308		27
Necessity	196	54.9	21	77.8
∘ Untreated condition	192		20	74.1
∘ Unnecessary treatment	4		1	3.7
Effectiveness	100	38.6	6	22.2
∘ The drug is ineffective for non-quantitative motives	30
∘ The drug is ineffective for quantitative motives	70		6	22.2
Safety	20	6.5
∘ The drug is unsafe for non-quantitative motives	9
∘ The drug is unsafe for quantitative motives	11
Intervention to deal with the negative clinical results associated with medication	308		27
Pharmacist’s recommendation headed for patient	194	63.0	16	59.3
Pharmacist’s recommendation headed for physician	64	20.8	11	41.7
Both	50	16.2

Tan ECK, Stewart K, Elliott RA, George J. Pharmacist consultations in general practice clinics: the Pharmacists in Practice Study (PIPS). Res Social Adm Pharm. 2014;10(4):623–632. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.08.005

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