Adherence to Antipsychotic Medication and Quality of Life in Latin-American Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Sample (N = 253)

Patients		M (SD) ± Range or N (%)
Gender (men)		164 (66.4%)
Age		35.6 (15.5) ± 15–73
Aymara	Yes	117 (46.2%)
	No	136 (53.8%)
Marital status	With a partner	16 (6.3%)
	Without a partner	237 (93.6%)
Educational level (≥ 12 years)		40 (15.8%)
Illness duration (years) (ID)		14.6 (11.8) ± 0–55
Type of mental health treatment	Only pharmacological	222 (87.7%)
	Integrated	31 (12.3%)
DAI-10 score		3.0 (4.8) ± −10.0–10.0
DAI-10 categorized	Non-adherent	49 (19.8%)
	Moderate	100 (39.5%)
	Adherent	98 (38.7%)
	Missing	6 (2.0%)
S-QoL18	PsW	47.6 (24.7) ± 0.0–100.0
	SE	57.3 (22.3) ± 0.0–100.0
	RFa	63.2 (23.3) ± 0.0–100.0
	RFr	37.3 (38.3) ± 0.0–100.0
	RE	68.4 (17.5) ± 0.0–91.6
	PhW	58.2 (21.5) ± 0.0–100.0
	AU	57.0 (22.6) ± 0.0–100.0
	SL	45.2 (27.6) ± 0.0–100.0
	Index	54.3 (14.4) ± 0.0–100.0
PANSS	Positive factor	8.3 (4.6) ± 3.0–21.0
	Negative factor	18.6 (8.3) ± 6.0–37.0
	Cognitive factor	7.3 (4.0) ± 3.0–20.0
	Depression factor	6.4 (3.7) ± 3.0–20.0
	Excitement factor	11.5 (5.9) ± 7.0–44.0
	PANSS total	71.3 (28.2) ± 30.0–191.0
SUMD		7.1 (4.4) ± 2.0–15.0

Notes: M (SD), Mean (standard deviation); N, Number of people; (%), Effective (percentage); S-QoL18, High scores suggest a better quality of life; DAI-10, High scores suggest a better attitude towards medication.

Abbreviations: S-QoL18, PsW psychological well-being, SE self-esteem; RFa, family relationships; RFr, relationships with friends; RE, resilience; PhW, physical well-being; AU, autonomy; SL, sentimental life; DAI-10, Drug Attitude Inventory; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SUMD, Scale to assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder.

Figure 1 Patient flowchart.

Table 2 Results of Multiple Regression Analysis by Dimension of S-QoL18

	PsW		SE		RFa		RFr		RE		PhW		AU		SL		Index
F	4.886		3.092		3.796		1.508		2.041		2.110		2.703		4.546		5.645
p	0.000		0.000		0.000		0.100		0.012		0.009		0.001		0.000		0.000
adj. R^2	0.228		0.137		0.175		0.037		0.073		0.078		0.114		0.212		0.260
Standardized Coefficient & p-value
	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p
(Constant)	—	0.000	—	0.000	—	0.000	—	0.000	—	0.000	—	0.000	—	0.000	—	0.000	—	0.000
Moderate	−.011	0.902	0.224	0.018	0.231	0.013	0.134	0.178	0.119	0.222	−.017	0.859	0.217	0.023	0.194	0.031	0.231	0.008
Adherent	0.055	0.557	0.363	0.000	0.035	0.718	0.167	0.122	0.113	0.273	0.119	0.249	0.193	0.056	0.196	0.041	0.265	0.004
Gender	0.085	0.229	0.069	0.355	−.275	0.000	−.078	0.320	−.012	0.876	−.006	0.937	−.006	0.933	0.117	0.100	−.026	0.705
Age	−.205	0.125	−.269	0.058	−.221	0.111	0.024	0.872	−.598	0.000	−.318	0.030	−.126	0.377	−.284	0.036	−.363	0.006
Marital status	0.069	0.317	−.013	0.854	0.044	0.532	−.033	0.664	−.110	0.146	0.056	0.458	0.040	0.582	−.104	0.134	−.013	0.842
Educational level (≥ 12 years)	0.309	0.000	0.142	0.038	−.004	0.949	0.110	0.128	0.059	0.405	0.037	0.597	0.160	0.022	0.106	0.015	0.210	0.001
Illness duration (years)	0.180	0.161	0.180	0.184	0.124	0.347	−.156	0.275	0.440	0.002	0.307	0.029	0.124	0.365	0.068	0.600	0.201	0.108
Type of mental health treatment	0.087	0.186	0.117	0.094	0.070	0.304	−.009	0.901	0.159	0.028	0.098	0.173	0.041	0.556	−.012	0.859	0.097	0.134
PANSS positive	−.156	0.293	−.075	0.635	−.057	0.712	−.069	0.677	−.079	0.626	−.039	0.812	0.288	0.071	−.061	0.684	−.060	0.678
PANSS negative	−.252	0.231	−.025	0.911	0.278	0.202	−.050	0.830	−.076	0.743	0.023	0.921	0.291	0.197	0.148	0.485	0.063	0.759
PANSS cognitive	−.025	0.861	0.221	0.139	−.127	0.385	0.050	0.751	0.198	0.201	0.208	0.177	0.349	0.021	−.096	0.499	0.138	0.318
PANSS depression	−.075	0.465	−.156	0.149	0.111	0.295	0.087	0.443	−.081	0.468	−.065	0.559	0.030	0.782	−.038	0.715	−.021	0.834
PANSS excitement	0.098	0.497	0.219	0.151	−.017	0.911	0.083	0.607	−.004	0.978	0.134	0.393	0.386	0.013	0.122	0.402	0.212	0.134
PANSS total	−.040	0.932	−.410	0.410	−.289	0.552	−.250	0.634	−.056	0.913	−.506	0.326	0.279	0.000	−.452	0.343	−.439	0.000
SUMD	0.183	0.017	0.266	0.001	0.042	0.597	0.174	0.042	0.116	0.167	0.275	0.001	0.203	0.014	0.350	0.000	0.343	0.000
Ethnicity	0.031	0.616	−.003	0.961	−.109	0.093	−.130	0.064	0.023	0.740	−.031	0.645	−.054	0.417	−.194	0.002	−.118	0.055

Notes: F, Statistical F; p, Significance; adj. R^2, Coefficient R squared corrected; β, Standardized regression coefficient; Values in bold indicate a statistically significant (p < 0.05); moderate and adherent are the result of the transformation of the DAI-10 into a dummy variable.

Abbreviations: S-QoL18, PsW psychological well-being; SE, self-esteem; RFa, family relationships; RFr, relationships with friends; RE, resilience; PhW, physical well-being; AU, autonomy, SL, sentimental life; DAI-10, Drug Attitude Inventory; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SUMD, Scale to assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder.

Table 3 Mean Differences (One-Way ANOVA) in Medication Adherence and Quality of Life

DAI-10
S-QoL18	Non-Adherent (N = 49)		Moderate (N = 100)		Adherent (N = 98)		F	p
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
PsW	38.3	31.0	46.8	27.6	46.4	25.6	0.379	0.685
SE	46.4	24.6	58.3	20.4	61.9	21.4	8.435	0.000
RFa	58.2	29.0	66.4	20.0	62.0	23.4	2.185	0.115
RFr	29.1	30.8	37.5	29.8	39.9	48.4	1.327	0.267
RE	50.5	20.4	58.9	21.9	58.0	24.1	1.155	0.317
PhW	46.6	24.9	45.8	24.4	48.7	24.2	0.872	0.419
AU	51.1	24.3	57.4	22.2	59.9	19.7	2.478	0.086
SL	65.5	18.9	70.1	15.7	68.6	18.2	1.816	0.165
Index	48.7	15.9	55.1	12.8	55.7	14.8	4.370	0.014

Notes: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; N, number of people; F, statistical F; p,significance; values in bold indicate a statistically significant (p < 0.05); S-QoL18, High scores suggest a better quality of life; DAI-10, High scores suggest a better attitude towards medication.

Abbreviations: S-QoL18, PsW psychological well-being; SE, self-esteem; RFa, family relationships; RFr, relationships with friends; RE, resilience; PhW, physical well-being; AU, autonomy; SL, sentimental life; DAI-10, Drug Attitude Inventory (non-adherent, moderately adherent, and adherent).

Table 4 Post Hoc Analysis (One-Way ANOVA) with Statistically Significant Differences

	Comparison			Mean Difference	SE	p
	Condition		Condition
SE	Non-adherent	–	Moderate	−11.82	3.77	0.006
			Adherent	−15.43	3.79	0.000
	Moderate	–	Adherent	−3.61	3.07	0.726
Index	Non-adherent	–	Moderate	−6.40	2.48	0.032
			Adherent	−6.98	2.49	0.016
	Moderate	–	Adherent	−0.58	1.03	1.000

Notes: SE, standard error; p, significance; values in bold indicate a statistically significant (p < 0.05); S-QoL18, High scores suggest a better quality of life; DAI-10, High scores suggest a better attitude towards medication; post hoc analyses of multiple comparisons are corrected using Bonferroni’s method.

Abbreviations: S-QoL18, SE self-esteem; DAI-10, Drug Attitude Inventory (non-adherent, moderately adherent, and adherent).