Person-Centered Care in a Tertiary Hospital Through Patient’s Eyes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Respondents’ Characteristics

Variables	No	%
Age (years)
≤20	20.0	6.7
21–40	119.0	39.7
41–60	102.0	34.0
≥60	59.0	19.7
Gender
Male	141	47
Female	159	53
Nationality
Saudi	290.0	96.7
Non-Saudi	10.0	3.3
Health insurance
Yes	44.0	14.7
No	255.0	85.3
Marital status
Married	218.0	72.7
Unmarried	82.0	27.3
Educational level
Illiterate	47.0	15.7
High school and below	147.0	49.0
Bachelor	96.0	32.0
Postgraduate	10.0	3.3
Occupation
Employed	97.0	32.6
Unemployed	201.0	67.4
Monthly income (SR)
No income	88.0	29.7
<5000	61.0	20.6
5000–10,000	74.0	25.0
>10,000	73.0	24.7
Area of residency
Riyadh	118.0	39.3
Outside Riyadh	182.0	60.7
Area of admission
Emergency department	91.0	30.4
Elective case or outpatient appointment	119.0	39.8
Referral from other hospital	89.0	29.8
Duration of hospitalization (weeks)
<1	135.0	45.0
1–2	79.0	26.3
>2	86.0	28.7
Hospital preference for treatment
Governmental	252.0	84.3
Teaching	6.0	2.0
Private	41.0	13.7

Table 2 Patient-Centered Climate Questionnaire – Patient (PCQ-P) Version: Mean Score and Standard Deviation

PCQ-P/Item	Mean ± SD
Hospitality (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.766)
1. A place where staff are knowledgeable	4.76 ± 0.59
4. A place where I feel welcome	4.84 ± 0.52
5. A place where it is easy to talk to staff	4.56 ± 0.94
6. A place where staff take notice of what I say	4.67 ± 0.80
8. A place where staff talk to me so that I can understand	4.78 ± 0.60
15. A place where staff make extra efforts for my comfort	4.18 ± 1.33
16. A place where I can make choices (eg what to wear, eat, etc.)	4.60 ± 0.93
17. A place where I can get that “little bit extra”	4.49 ± 1.01
Safety (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.690)
2. A place where I receive the best possible care	4.61 ± 0.89
3. A place where I feel safe	4.92 ± 0.40
7. A place where staff come quickly when I need them	4.34 ±1.13
9. A place that is neat and clean	4.86 ±0.55
10. A place where staff seem to have time for patients	4.33 ± 1.16
Everydayness (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.684)
11. A place that has something nice to look at (eg views, artwork, etc.)	2.55 ± 1.64
12. A place that feels homely	3.89 ± 1.50
13. A place where it is possible to get unpleasant thoughts out of your head	3.67 ± 1.63
14. A place where people talk about everyday life and not just illness	2.96 ± 1.77

Table 3 Spearman’s Rho Correlation Matrix of PCC Domains and Respondents’ Chrematistics

		Age	Sex	Nationality	Marital Status	Level of Education	Occupation	Income	Hospitality	Safety	Everydayness	Overall
Age	Correlation Coefficient	1.000	0.026	0.075	−0.259**	−0.248**	0.052	0.066	−0.090	−0.061	−0.016	−0.050
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0.653	0.192	0.000	0.000	0.374	0.257	0.122	0.290	0.780	0.393
Sex	Correlation Coefficient	0.026	1.000	−0.048	0.003	−0.200**	0.313**	−0.244**	−0.145*	−0.132*	−0.190**	−0.171**
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.653		0.404	0.961	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.012	0.023	0.001	0.003
Nationality	Correlation Coefficient	0.075	−0.048	1.000	−0.028	0.091	−0.121*	0.009	−0.034	−0.036	−0.037	−0.085
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.192	0.404		0.632	0.116	0.037	0.878	0.558	0.540	0.524	0.146
Marital Status	Correlation Coefficient	−0.259**	0.003	−0.028	1.000	−0.180**	0.154**	−0.250**	−0.003	−0.013	−0.028	−0.005
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.000	0.961	0.632		0.002	0.008	0.000	0.962	0.828	0.628	0.931
Level of Education	Correlation Coefficient	−0.248**	−0.200**	0.091	−0.180**	1.000	−0.447**	0.514**	0.042	0.044	−0.046	−0.032
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.000	0.000	0.116	0.002		0.000	0.000	0.469	0.448	0.435	0.580
Occupation	Correlation Coefficient	0.052	0.313**	−0.121*	0.154**	−0.447**	1.000	−0.545**	−0.086	−0.084	−0.086	−0.099
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.374	0.000	0.037	0.008	0.000		0.000	0.139	0.147	0.141	0.092
Income	Correlation Coefficient	0.066	−0.244**	0.009	−0.250**	0.514**	−0.545**	1.000	0.072	0.087	−0.054	−0.008
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.257	0.000	0.878	0.000	0.000	0.000		0.217	0.134	0.355	0.896
Hospitality	Correlation Coefficient	−0.090	−0.145*	−0.034	−0.003	0.042	−0.086	0.072	1.000	0.610**	0.430**	0.705**
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.122	0.012	0.558	0.962	0.469	0.139	0.217		0.000	0.000	0.000
Safety	Correlation Coefficient	−0.061	−0.132*	−0.036	−0.013	0.044	−0.084	0.087	0.610**	1.000	0.439**	0.673**
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.290	0.023	0.540	0.828	0.448	0.147	0.134	0.000		0.000	0.000
Everydayness	Correlation Coefficient	−0.016	−0.190**	−0.037	−0.028	−0.046	−0.086	−0.054	0.430**	0.439**	1.000	0.899**
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.780	0.001	0.524	0.628	0.435	0.141	0.355	0.000	0.000		0.000
Overall	Correlation Coefficient	−0.050	−0.171**	−0.085	−0.005	−0.032	−0.099	−0.008	0.705**	0.673**	0.899**	1.000
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.393	0.003	0.146	0.931	0.580	0.092	0.896	0.000	0.000	0.000

Notes: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 4 Factors Associated with Patient’s Perceptions of the Climate of Person-Centered Care

Variables		Overall PCQ-P Score (Out of 85)			Hospitality Score (Out of 40)			Safety Score (Out of 25)			Everydayness Score (Out of 20)
		Mean ± SD	P	Effect Size	Mean ± SD	P	Effect Size	Mean ± SD	P	Effect Size	Mean ± SD	P	Effect Size
Age (years)	<20	76.89 ± 7.84	0.005		38 ± 2.82	<0.001		24.30 ± 1.97	0.012		14.42 ± 5.18	0.160
	21–40	73.38 ± 10.54			37.46 ± 4.29			23.22 ± 3.16			12.75 ± 5.11
	41–60	76.14 ± 8.67			38.38 ± 2.92			23.86 ± 2.94			14.00 ± 5.16
	>61	70.39 ± 12.84			34.98 ± 6.56			22.2 ± 3.85			12.6 ± 4.73
Gender	Male	76.28 ± 8.11	0.000	0.433	38.09 ± 3.70	<0.001	0.340	23.8 ± 2.49	<0.001	0.324	14.2 ± 4.84	0.001	0.381
	Female	71.96 ± 11.84			36.6 ± 5.06			22.8 ±3.69			12.3± 5.14
Nationality	Saudi	74.02 ± 10.62	0.026	0.143	37.3 ± 4.56	0.921	0.024	23.3 ± 3.25	0.921	0.036	13.3 ± 5.11	0.544	0.189
	Non-Saudi	73.00 ± 4.71			37.2 ± 3.67			23.4 ± 2.27			12.4 ± 4.40
Health insurance:	Yes	73.65 ± 8.96	0.800	0.040	37.77 ± 3.66	0.387	0.130	23.36 ± 3.26	0.926	0.019	12.60 ± 5.08	0.360	0.138
	No	74.04 ± 10.73			37.23 ± 4.67			23.3 ± 3.22			13.3 ±5.08
Marital status	Married	73.99 ± 10.38	0.984	0.003	37.3 ± 4.44	0.911	0.022	23.2 ± 3.30	0.764	0.063	13.3 ± 5.01	0.688	0.058
	Unmarried	73.96 ± 10.78			37.2 ± 4.79			23.4 ± 3.02			13.0 ± 5.29
Educational level	No education	72.00 ± 14.34	0.555		35.7 ± 6.40	0.077		22.7 ± 3.82	0.541		13.7 ± 5.58	0.899
	High school and below	74.55 ± 9.46			37.5 ± 4.27			23.4 ± 3.02			13.2 ± 5.04
	Bachelor’s degree	74.12 ± 9.90			37.71 ± 3.77			23.3 ± 3.24			13.0 ± 4.98
	Master’s or above	73.67 ± 8.83			37.0 ± 3.55			23.4 ± 2.95			13.5 ± 4.66
Occupation	Employee	75.45 ± 9.29	0.070	0.223	38.04 ± 3.60	0.002	0.257	23.8 ± 2.46	0.001	0.268	13.7 ± 5.22	0.258	0.156
	Unemployed	73.19 ± 10.95			36.95 ± 4.89			23.0 ± 3.52			12.9 ± 5.01
Income (SR)	No income	73.23 ±12.41	0.638		36.7 ± 5.54	0.234		22.9 ± 3.71	0.429		13.3 ± 5.25	0.436
	<5000	73.47 ± 10.39			37.0 ± 4.31			23.2 ± 3.40			13.4 ± 5.45
	5000–10,000	75.26 ± 8.88			37.6 ± 4.21			23.5 ± 2.59			13.9 ± 4.54
	>10,000	74.3 ± 9.41			38. ± 3.40			23.6 ± 3.07			12.53 ± 5.03
Living in:	Riyadh	71.1 ± 11.72	0.001	0.456	36.49 ± 4.87	0.019	0.304	22.68 ± 3.78	<0.001	0.329	12.03 ± 5.07	0.001	0.394
	Outside Riyadh	75.85 ± 9.11			37.86 ± 4.22			23.75 ± 2.73			14.0 ± 4.94
Route of hospital admission	Emergency department	71.8 ± 12.29	0.002		36.49 ± 5.10	0.065		22.9 ± 3.43	0.307		12.5 ± 5.46	0.002
	Outpatient appointment	73.1 ± 10.22			37.36 ± 4.35			23.32 ± 3.53			12.55 ± 4.90
	Referral from outside hospital	77.0 ± 7.84			38.07 ± 4.05			23.70 ± 2.48			14.85 ± 4.56
Duration of hospital stay (weeks)	<1	71.7 ± 11.09	0.003		36.62 ± 4.62	0.052		22.67 ± 3.80	0.005		12.36 ± 4.98	0.015
	1–2	75.2 ± 9.93			37.77 ± 4.57			23.6 ± 2.65			13.68 ± 5.19
	>2	76.3 ± 9.29			38.00 ± 4.24			24.05 ± 2.44			14.3 ± 4.95
Preference of treating hospital	Public hospital	74.6 ± 9.90	0.010		37.5 ± 4.21	0.095		23.5 ±2.99	0.016		13.5 ± 4.92	0.032
	Teaching hospital	64.6 ± 13.74			35.0 ± 6.16			21.0 ± 3.79			10.0 ± 5.83
	Private hospital	70.5 ± 12.51			36.2 ± 5.91			22.32 ± 4.16			11.6 ± 5.61

Table 5 Predictors of Patients’ Perceptions of the Climate of Person-Centered Care

Variables	PCQ Scale	Univariate Analysis		P	Multivariate Analysis		P
		Unstandardized Coefficients			Unstandardized Coefficients
		B	SE		B	SE
Age	Overall scale	–1.120	0.711	0.116	–	–	–
	Hospitality	–0.812	0.299	0.007	–0.824	0.312	0.009
	Safety	–0.389	0.214	0.071	–	–	–
	Everydayness	–0.081	0.347	0.816	–	–	–
Gender	Overall	–0.610	0.245	0.013	–0.452	0.257	0.078
	Hospitality	–0.571	0.255	0.025	–0.451	0.264	0.088
	Safety	–0.516	0.265	0.051	–0.387	0.273	0.157
	Everydayness	–0.823	0.240	0.001	–0.723	0.248	0.004
Nationality	Overall	–0.918	0.657	0.162	–	–	–
	Hospitality	–0.388	0.658	0.555	–	–	–
	Safety	–0.594	0.659	0.367	–	–	–
	Everydayness	–0.127	0.644	0.844	–	–	–
Income	Overall	0.507	0.531	0.340	–	–	–
	Hospitality	0.466	0.226	0.040	0.501	0.262	0.057
	Safety	0.268	0.162	0.099	–	–	–
	Everydayness	–0.194	0.258	0.452	–	–	–
Health insurance	Overall	0.401	0.333	0.228	–	–	–
	Hospitality	0.015	0.351	0.966	–	–	–
	Safety	–0.009	0.366	0.980	–	–	–
	Everydayness	–0.020	0.331	0.952	–	–	–
Marital status	Overall	0.015	0.271	0.957	–	–	–
	Hospitality	–0.094	0.277	0.733	–	–	–
	Safety	0.035	0.292	0.904	–	–	–
	Everydayness	0.006	0.264	0.983	–	–	–
Educational level	Overall	0.607	0.825	0.462	–	–	–
	Hospitality	0.627	0.351	0.075	–	–	–
	Safety	0.212	0.250	0.396	–	–	–
	Everydayness	–0.218	0.399	0.586	–	–	–
Occupation	Overall	–0.213	0.260	0.413	–	–	–
	Hospitality	–0.320	0.274	0.243	–	–	–
	Safety	–0.372	0.287	0.195	–	–	–
	Everydayness	–0.308	0.252	0.221	–	–	–
Area of residency	Overall	0.737	0.246	0.003	0.529	0.267	0.047
	Hospitality	0.764	0.254	0.003	0.558	0.271	0.040
	Safety	0.467	0.262	0.075	–	–	–
	Everydayness	0.693	0.242	0.004	0.444	0.261	0.089
Route of hospital admission	Overall	0.421	0.159	0.008	0.309	0.171	0.071
	Hospitality	0.385	0.164	0.019	0.277	0.176	0.116
	Safety	0.124	0.167	0.457	–	–	–
	Everydayness	0.357	0.153	0.020	0.270	0.165	0.101
Duration of hospital stay	Overall	2.365	0.708	0.001	2.473	0.715	0.001
	Hospitality	0.716	0.308	0.021	0.793	0.306	0.010
	Safety	0.704	0.217	0.001	0.778	0.219	0.000
	Everydayness	0.990	0.345	0.004	0.956	0.351	0.007
Preference of treating hospital	Overall	–0.422	0.173	0.015	–0.384	0.179	0.032
	Hospitality	–0.163	0.173	0.349	–	–	–
	Safety	–0.437	0.172	0.011	–0.417	0.176	0.018
	Everydayness	–0.231	0.172	0.179	–	–	–