Knowledge of Chronic Kidney Disease Among the Population of Saudi Arabia Evaluated Using a Validated Questionnaire: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant Characteristics

Characteristics	Participants
	N	%
Total	951	100
Age (years)
15–25	161	17
26–40	412	43.5
41–55	261	27.5
56–70	109	11.5
>70	5	0.5
Gender
Female	467	49.1
Male	484	50.9
Education
High school or less	244	25.7
Bachelor	600	63.1
Masters or PhD	107	11.3
Occupation
Not currently working	428	45
Government sector	222	23.3
Military	30	3.2
Private sector	271	28.5
Income
<5000 SR	371	39
5000–15,000 SR	342	36
>15,000 SR	238	25
Marital status
Single	275	28.9
Married	613	64.5
Divorced/separated/widowed	63	6.6
Presence of kidney disease
Yes	89	9.4
No	808	85
Do not know	54	5.7
Presence of Diabetes
Yes	127	13.4
No	824	86.6
Presence of HTN
Yes	197	20.7
No	754	79.3
Presence of Heart Disease
Yes	35	3.7
No	916	96.3
Presence of Stroke
Yes	11	1.2
No	940	98.8
Health care worker in the family
Yes	445	46.8
No	506	53.2
Family History of kidney failure
Yes	200	21
No	751	79
Presence of Osteoarthritis
Yes	170	17.9
No	781	82.1
Smoker
Yes	218	22.9
No	599	63
Passive smoker	72	7.6
Ex-smoker	62	6.5
Physical activity
None	484	50.9
<150 minutes/week	332	34.9
>150 minutes/week	135	14.2
Use of pain killers
Yes	197	20.7
No	754	79.3
Use of herbal medicines
Yes	234	24.6
No	717	75.4

Table 2 Percentage of Correct Response to Individual Items on the Questionnaire

Question	Correct Response (%)
A person can lead a normal life with one healthy kidney	80.5
Herbal supplements can be effective in treating chronic kidney disease	33.1
Certain medications can help to slow down the worsening of chronic kidney disease	49.9
What functions do the kidneys perform in the body?
The kidneys make urine	59.4
The kidneys clean blood	79.8
The kidneys help to keep blood sugar level normal	25.8
The kidneys help to maintain blood pressure	46.8
The kidneys help to break down protein in the body	19
The kidneys help to keep the bones healthy	28.9
Which of the following are commonly used to determine health of the kidneys?
A blood test	80.4
A urine test	87.9
A faecal (poo) test	51.4
Blood pressure monitoring	56.6
What are the risk factors for chronic kidney disease?
Diabetes	69.2
Being female	22
High blood pressure	54.3
Heart problems such as heart failure or heart attack	29.1
Excess stress	21.6
Obesity	51.1
What are the signs and symptoms that a person might have if they have advanced chronic kidney disease or kidney failure?
Water retention (excess water in the body)	79.8
Fever	15.9
Nausea/vomiting	44.7
Loss of appetite	43.7
Increased fatigue (tiredness)	68.8

Table 3 Results of the Bivariate Analysis Performed Using Independent t-test Between Individual Participant Characteristic and Total Score

	Total Score Mean (SD)	t	Df	p-value
Gender		1.20	949	0.230
Male	12.18(5.00)
Female	11.81(4.37)
Presence of kidney disease		5.63	895	<0.001
Yes	14.66(3.69)
No	11.74(4.74)
Diabetes Mellitus		2.34	949	0.019
Yes	12.90(3.82)
No	11.85(4.81)
Hypertension		3.25	949	0.001
Yes	12.96(4.28)
No	11.75(4.78)
Heart disease		1.21	949	0.226
Yes	12.94(4.35)
No	11.96(4.71)
Stroke		1.36	949	0.175
Yes	13.91(3.48)
No	11.98(4.71)
Kidney failure		4.60	949	<0.001
Yes	13.35(4.00)
No	11.64(4.81)
Osteoarthritis		−0.08	949	0.933
Yes	11.97(4.32)
No	12.00(4.79)
Smoker		−1.72	815	0.085
Yes	11.42(4.98)
No	12.07(4.69)
Use of pain killer		1.15	949	0.252
Yes	12.34(4.20)
No	11.90(4.83)
Use of herbal medicines		−0/12	949	0.904
Yes	11.97(4.46)
No	12.00(4.79)

Table 4 Results of the Bivariate Analysis Performed Using One-Way ANOVA Test Between Individual Participant Characteristics and Total Score

	Total Score Mean (SD)	Df*	F	p-value	Post-Hoc Comparison^
Total	11.99(4.70)
Age range (years)		4, 943	3.14	0.014	41–55 years >26–40 years
15–25	11.59(4.95)
26–40	11.62(4.77)
41–55	12.81(4.54)
56–70	12.10(4.18)
>70	10.60(5.22)
Education		2, 948	4.03	0.018	Masters or PhD > Bachelor or high school or less
High school or less	11.66(4.39)
Bachelor	11.92(4.82)
Masters or PhD	13.16(4.61)
Occupation		3, 947	1.38	0.249
Not working	11.84(4.43)
Government sector	12.53(4.86)
Military	12.33(5.82)
Private sector	11.77(4.86)
Income		2, 948	5.87	0.003	>15,000 SR> below 5000 SR
Below 5000 SR	11.46(4.72)
5000–15,000 SR	12.04(4.82)
>15,000 SR	12.78(4.40)
Marital status		2, 948	3.78	0.023	Marries > single
Single	11.61(4.98)
Married	12.28(4.57)
Divorced/separated/widowed	10.88(4.54)
Frequency of physical activity		2, 948	4.49	0.011	> 150 min/week > none or < 150 min/week
None	11.73(4.67)
<150 min/week	11.95(4.75)
>150 min/week	13.09(4.61)

Notes: *Df values (between groups, within groups); ^Tukey HSD post hoc comparison (p<0.05).