Identification of Self-Management Behavior Clusters Among People Living with HIV in China: A Latent Class Profile Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Participants (n=868)

Variables	n	%
Region
Chengdu	181	20.85
Liangshan	322	37.10
Panzhihua	365	42.05
Gender
Male	600	69.12
Female	268	30.88
Age (years)
≤30	149	17.17
31–50	492	56.68
>50	227	26.15
Ethnicity
Han nationality	552	63.59
Minority(Yi people)	316	36.41
Educational level
Illiterate or Primary school	420	48.39
Junior high school	208	23.96
Senior high school	108	12.44
Junior college or higher	132	15.21
Marital status
Unmarried	187	21.54
Divorced	128	14.75
Married	474	54.61
Widowed	79	9.10
Religion
No	535	61.64
Yes	333	38.36
Residence
City/town	375	43.20
Countryside	493	56.80
Occupation
Unemployed	162	18.66
Employed	706	81.34
Per capita monthly household income (yuan)
0–999	453	52.19
1000–1999	133	15.32
2000–2999	173	19.93
3000–	109	12.56
Years since HIV diagnosis
<1	126	14.52
1–5	441	50.81
5.1–10	248	28.57
>10	53	6.11
Infection route
Unclear	255	29.38
Sexual	461	53.11
Blood/injecting drugs	152	17.51
ART status
Yes	779	89.75
No	89	10.25
HIV serostatus disclosure
No	202	23.27
Yes	666	76.73

Abbreviation: ART, antiretroviral therapy.

Table 2 Fit Indices of LCPA for Self-Management Behavior Clusters (n=868)

Model	LL	AIC	BIC	SABIC	Entropy	VLMR-LRT, p	BLRT, p	Mixing Ration
1	−20,886.21	41,852.42	42,043.07	41,916.04
2	−19,771.18	39,664.35	39,955.09	39,761.37	0.84	0.001	<0.001	0.280,0.720
3	−19,370.21	38,904.41	39,295.24	39,034.83	0.88	0.014	<0.001	0.121,0.561,0.317
4	−19,098.85	38,403.71	38,894.63	38,567.52	0.85	0.334	<0.001	0.123,0.367,0.279,0.231

Abbreviations: LL, the Log-Likelihood; AIC, the Akaike Information Criterion; BIC, the Bayesian Information Criterion; SABIC, the Sample-Size Adjusted BIC; VLMR-LRT, Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test; BLRT, Bootstrapped Likelihood Ratio Test; p, p-value.

Figure 1 The conditional probability distribution of the three potential categories of PLWH.

Table 3 The Distribution of the Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Among the Three Classes (n=868)

Variables	Class 1(n, %)	Class 2(n, %)	Class 3(n, %)	χ^2	p-value
Region				41.87	<0.001
Chengdu	11(6.10)	105(58.00)	65(35.90)
Liangshan	42(14.00)	216(46.60)	64(39.50)
Panzhihua	51(13.00)	170(67.10)	144(19.90)
Age (years)				10.23	0.037
≤30	13(8.70)	92(61.70)	44(29.50)
31–50	57(11.60)	290(58.90)	145(29.50)
>50	34(15.00)	109(48.00)	84(37.00)
Ethnicity				65.82	<0.001
Minority(Yi people)	48(10.10)	222(48.70)	46(41.10)
Han nationality	56(15.20)	269(70.30)	227(14.60)
Educational level				83.26	<0.001
Illiterate or Primary school	80(19.00)	261(62.10)	79(18.90)
Junior high school	12(5.80)	99(47.6)	97(46.60)
Senior high school	4(3.70)	63(58.30)	41(38.00)
Junior college or higher	8(6.10)	68(51.50)	56(42.40)
Religion				31.41	<0.001
No	62(11.60)	268(50.10)	205(38.30)
Yes	42(12.60)	223(67.00)	68(20.40)
Residence
City/town	25(6.70)	198(52.80)	152(40.50)	34.54	<0.001
Countryside	79(16.00)	293(59.40)	121(24.50)
Occupation				6.95	0.031
Unemployed	11(6.80)	90(55.6)	61(37.70)
Employed	93(13.20)	401(56.80)	212(30.00)
Per capita monthly household income (yuan)				32.56	<0.001
0–999	66(14.60)	280(61.80)	107(23.60)
1000–1999	18(13.50)	62(46.60)	53(39.90)
2000–2999	14(8.10)	90(52.00)	69(39.90)
3000–	6(5.50)	59(54.10)	44(40.40)
Infection route				29.40	<0.001
Unclear	38(14.90)	131(51.40)	86(33.70)
Sexual	36(7.80)	265(57.50)	160(34.70)
Blood/injecting drugs	30(19.70)	95(62.50)	27(17.80)
ART status				18.76	<0.001
No	20(22.50)	56(62.90)	13(14.60)
Yes	84(10.80)	435(55.80)	260(33.40)
HIV serostatus disclosure				6.83	0.033
No	15(7.40)	113(55.90)	74(36.60)
Yes	89(13.40)	378(56.80)	199(29.90)
Gender				0.78	0.679
Male	68(11.30)	342(57.00)	190(31.70)
Female	36(13.40)	149(55.60)	83(31.00)
Marital status				5.18	0.521
Unmarried	18(9.60)	109(58.30)	60(32.10)
Divorced	16(12.50)	66(51.60)	46(35.90)
Married	56(11.80)	273(57.60)	145(30.60)
Widowed	14(17.70)	43(54.40)	22(27.80)
Years since HIV diagnosis				8.83	0.184
<1	17(13.50)	70(55.60)	39(31.00)
1–5	53(12.00)	235(53.30)	153(34.70)
5.1–10	30(12.10)	156(62.90)	62(25.00)
>10	4(7.50)	30(56.60)	19(35.80)

Abbreviation: ART, antiretroviral therapy.

Table 4 Predictors of Three Latent Classes of Self-Management Behavior

Models	Predictors	B (SE)	Wald (χ^2)	p-value	OR (95% CI)
Class 3 versus Class 1	Educational level	−1.61	6.96	0.008	0.20 (0.06,0.66)
	Infection route	0.89	7.69	0.006	2.44 (1.30,4.58)
	ART status	−0.87	6.93	0.008	0.42 (0.22,0.80)
Class 2 versus Class 1	Infection route	1.01	7.09	0.008	2.75 (1.31,5.80)
	ART status	−1.25	8.22	0.004	0.29 (0.12,0.67)

Notes: Class 1 (a poor level of self-management behavior) was used as the reference group; Class 2=a moderate level of self-management behavior; Class 3=a good level of self-management behavior. Educational level: 1=Illiterate or Primary school, 2=Junior high school, 3=Senior high school, 4= Junior college or higher. Infection route (1=unclear, 2=sexual, 3=blood/injecting drugs). ART status (1=No, 2=Yes)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ART, antiretroviral therapy.