Non-Prescription Antibiotics Use and Associated Factors Among Drug Retail Outlets in Ambo, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants (n=399)

Characteristics	Category	n=399(%)
Sex	Male	214(53.6)
	Female	185(46.4)
Age group (years)	18–27	143(35.8)
	28–37	85(21.3)
	38–47	79(19.8)
	48–57	39(9.8)
	>57	53(13.3)
Marital status	Single	159(39.8)
	Married	228(57.1)
	Others^a	12(3.0)
Religion afflation	Orthodox	191(47.9)
	Protestant	175(43.9)
	Muslim	33(8.3)
Residence	Urban	291(72.9)
	Rural	108(27.1)
Educational status	No formal education	85(21.3)
	Primary school	99(24.8)
	Secondary school	86(21.6)
	Diploma	62(15.5)
	Degree and above	67(16.8)
Occupational status	Government	81(20.3)
	Merchant	91(22.8)
	Farmer	74(18.5)
	Housewife	42(10.5)
	Student	13(5.7)
	Non-employed	21(5.3)
	Day laborer	63(15.8)

Note: ^aOthers: divorced and widowed.

Table 2 Antibiotics Purchased Without Prescription, the Antibiotic Use of Ambo Town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=399)

List of Antibiotics Purchased Without Prescription	n(%)	Dosage Forms	Category According to WHO AWaRe Classification of Antibiotics
Amoxicillin	75(43.6)	Capsule	Access
Ampicillin	20(11.6)	Capsule	Access
Cotrimoxazole	15(8.7)	Tablet	Access
Azitromycin	13(7.6)	Tablet	Access
Metrinidazole	10(5.8)	Capsule	Access
Tinidazole	7(4.1)	Tablet	Not available on the list
Cloxacillin	7(4.1)	Capsule	Access
Augumentin*	6(3.5)	Tablet	Access
Cefalexin	5(2.9)	Capsule	Access
Tetracycline	4(2.3)	Capsule	Access
Ciprofloxacin	3(1.7)	Tablet	Watch
Erythromycin	2(1.2)	Tablet	Watch
Chloraniphenicol	2(1.2)	Capsule	Access
Gyntamicin	1(0.6)	Ointment	Access
Cefixin (edit as cefixime)	1(0.6)	Capsule	Watch
Phenoxymethylpenicillin	1(0.6)	Injection	Access
Total	172(100)

Note: *Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid.

Figure 1 Reasons reported by key informants for non-prescription use of antibiotics in Ambo Town, West Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020.

Table 3 Bivariate Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Non-Prescription Use of Antibiotics in Ambo Town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=399)

Characteristics	Non-Prescribed Antibiotic Use		COR(95% CI)	P-value
	Yes, n(%)	No, n(%)
Sex
Male	99(57.6)	115(50.7)	1.32(0.89, 1.97)	0.172*
Female	73(42.4)	112(49.3)	1
Age Group (years)
18–27	74(43)	69(30.4)	1
28–37	40(23.3)	45(19.8)	3.30(1.63, 6.69)	0.001*
38–47	30(17.4)	49(21.6)	2.74(1.28, 5.83)	0.009*
48–57	15(8.7)	24(10.6)	1.88(0.87, 4.08)	0.108*
>57	13(7.6)	40(17.6)	1.92(0.78, 4.72)	0.154*
Marital Status
Single	80(46.5)	79(34.8)	1
Married	84(48.8)	144(63.4)	0.58(0.38, 0.87)	0.009*
Others	8(4.7)	4(1.8)	1.98(0.57, 6.82)	0.282
Residence
Urban	114(66.3)	177(78)	1
Rural	58(33.7)	50(22)	1.80(1.15, 2.81)	0.010*
Educational Status
No formal education	40(23.3)	45(19.8)	1
Elementary school	45(26.2)	54(23.8)	0.94(0.52, 1.68	0.828
Secondary school	46(26.7)	40(17.6)	1.29(0.71, 2.36)	0.401
Diploma	25(14.5)	37(16.3)	0.76(0.39, 1.47)	0.417
Degree and above	16(9.3)	51(22.5)	0.35(0.17, 0.71)	0.004*
Occupational Status
Government	23(13.4)	58(25.6)	1
Merchant	34(19.8)	57(25.1)	1.50(0.79, 2.86)	0.213
Farmer	19(11)	55(24.2)	0.87(0.43, 1.77)	0.704
Housewife	23(13.4)	19(8.4)	3.05(1.40, 6.63)	0.005*
Student	14(8.1)	13(5.7)	2.72(1.11, 6.65).	0.029*
Non-employed	14(8.1)	7(3.1)	5.04(1.80, 4.10)	0.002*
Daily laborer	45(26.2)	18(7.9)	6.30(3.04, 3.07)	0.000*
Travelling-time (min)
<15	189(83.6)	117(68)	0.52(0.30, 0.88)	0.016*
15–30	24(10.6)	43(25)	0.35(0.21, 0.59)	0.000*
>30	13(5.8)	12(7)
Type of Transportation
On foot	101(58.7)	74(32.6)	2.93(1.94, 4.43)	0.000*
Use own transport	2(1.2)	5(2.2)	0.86(0.16, 4.53)	0.857
Public transport	69(40.1)	65.2(148)	1
A Single Trip Cost of Travel (ETB)
<6 Birr	70(30.8)	33(19.2)	1
≥6 Birr	157(69.2)	139(80.8)	1.34(0.90, 1.99)	0.154*

Note: *P-value ≤0.25.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis and Associated Factors for Non-Prescription Use of Antibiotics in Ambo Town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020 (n=399)

Characteristics	Non-Prescribed Antibiotic Use		AOR(95% CI)	P-value
	Yes, n(%)	No, n(%)
Marital Status
Single	80(46.5)	79(34.8)	1
Married	84(48.8)	144(63.4)	1.21(0.53, 2.79)	0.653
Others	8(4.7)	4(1.8)	8.73(1.61, 7.29)	0.012**
Residence
Urban	114(66.3)	177(78)	1
Rural	58(33.7)	50(22)	3.66(1.48, 9.05)	0.005**
Sex
Male	99(57.6)	115(50.7)	2.21(1.28, 3.84)	0.005**
Female	8(4.7)	4(1.8)	1
Educational Status
No formal education	40(23.3)	45(19.8)	1
Primary school	45(26.2)	54(23.8)	0.47(0.21, 1.08)	0.075
Secondary school	46(26.7)	40(17.6)	0.89(0.39, 2.03)	0.783
Diploma	25(14.5)	37(16.3)	0.12(0.03, 0.59)	0.009**
Degree and above	16(9.3)	51(22.5)	0.05(0.01, 0.38)	0.004**
Occupation
Government	23(13.4)	58(25.6)	1
Merchant	34(19.8)	57(25.1)	0.19(0.03, 1.23)	0.082
Farmer	19(11)	55(24.2)	0.03(0.00, 0.29)	0.002**
Housewife	23(13.4)	19(8.4)	0.36(0.05, 2.88)	0.337
Student	14(8.1)	13(5.7)	0.18(0.02, 1.37)	0.097
Non-employed	14(8.1)	7(3.1)	2.64(0.63, 1.09)	0.187
Day laborer	45(26.2)	18(7.9)	0.34(0.05, 2.23)	0.260

Notes: **P-value <0.05. Others = divorced and widowed.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.