Assessment of Post-COVID-19 Quality of Life Using the Quality of Life Index

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of All Cases and Responses to Covid-19 Related Questions (n = 449)

Characteristics	N (%)
Age in years (Mean ± SD)	36.06 ± 11.34
Time since diagnosis (days)	194.37 ± 86.64
Gender
Male	117 (26.1)
Female	332 (73.9)
Education level
Primary	1 (0.2)
Intermediate	4 (0.9)
High school	52 (12)
Diploma	8 (1.8)
Graduate	368 (82.0)
Master’s Degree	11 (2.4)
Doctoral degree	2 (0.4)
Employment status
Student	77 (17.1)
Employed	240 (53.5)
Not employed	132 (29.4)
Marital status
Single	140 (31.2)
Married	290 (64.5)
Divorced	13 (2.9)
Widowed	6 (1.3)
Symptoms of COVID-19
Yes	403 (89.8)
No	46 (10.2)
Interested in vaccination against COVID-19
Yes	297 (66.1)
No	152 (33.9)
Effect of COVID-19 on general health
Yes	124 (27.6)
Maybe	127 (28.3)
No	198 (44.1)
History of hospitalization
Yes	39 (8.7)
No	410 (91.3)
History of chronic illness
Yes	74 (16.5)
No	375(83.5)

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 The Mean Subscales and Total Quality of Life Scores (n = 449)

Scales	Mean	SD
Health and functioning subscale score	21.86	5.03
Social and economic subscale score	20.86	5.04
Psychological/spiritual subscale score	24.99	4.74
Family subscale score	24.20	4.87
Total score (QLI)	22.64	4.36

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; OLI, Quality of Life Index.

Table 3 Correlation Between Age, Time Elapsed from Diagnosis, Subscale Scores and Total Quality of Life Index (n=449)

	Age	Time Elapsed from Diagnosis	HFSUB Score	SOCSUB Score	PSPSUB Score	FAMSUB Score	Total QLI Score
Age	1.000	0.066	−0.025	0.130*	0.079	0.097	0.059
Time elapsed from diagnosis		1.000	0.021	0.019	0.028	0.019	0.025
HFSUB score			1.000	0.692**	0.772**	0.707**	0.945**
SOCSUB score				1.000	0.700**	0.534**	0.845**
PSPSUB score					1.000	0.613**	0.880**
FAMSUB score						1.000	0.780**

Notes: test used=Spearman correlation coefficient (r). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.00.

Abbreviations: HFSUB, health and functioning subscale; SOCSUB, social and economic subscale; PSPSUB, psychological and spiritual subscale; FAMSUB, family subscale; OLI, Quality of Life Index.

Table 4 Mean Difference Between QOL Scales and Socio-Demographic Characteristics and COVID-19 Related Questions (n = 449)

Characteristics	HFSUB Mean±SD	Mann–Whitney U	SOCSUB Mean±SD	Mann–Whitney U	PSPSUB Mean±SD	Mann–Whitney U	FAMSUB Mean±SD	Mann–Whitney U	QLI Mean±SD	Mann–Whitney U
Gender		16,760.500*		18,663.000		19,688.000		17,529.000		18,349.000
Male	22.74 ± 5.33		20.70 ± 4.69		24.95 ± 4.85		24.79 ± 4.95		23.02 ± 4.49
Female	21.59 ± 4.90		20.97 ± 5.18		25.05 ± 4.70		24.03 ± 4.82		22.54 ± 4.33
Education level		9680.000		9375.500		9868.500		9284.000		9896.500
Below Graduate	22.53 ± 4.56		20.36 ± 4.97		24.60 ± 5.28		24.60 ± 4.58		22.76 ± 4.18
Graduate or higher	22.10 ± 4.91		20.89 ± 5.23		25.11 ± 4.61		24.28 ± 4.96		22.78 ± 4.34
Employment		14,813.000		12,432.500**		15,199.500		15,781.000		14,305.000
Employed	21.85 ± 5.03		21.56 ± 4.79		25.06 ± 4.67		24.32 ± 4.69		22.83 ± 4.32
Not employed	21.32 ± 4.79		19.59 ± 5.14		24.67 ± 4.87		24.27 ± 4.83		22.06 ± 4.26
Marital status		20,193.000		18,021.500*		19,813.500		15,734.500**		198,990.000
Single	21.76 ± 5.66		21.17 ± 5.62		24.52 ± 5.34		22.63 ± 5.75		22.09 ± 5.09
Married	21.87 ± 4.79		21.21± 4.80		25.15 ± 4.48		25.04 ± 4.17		22.89 ± 4.04
Symptoms		7832.500		7833.500		8709.500		7925.000		8213.000
No	22.77 ±4.68		20.68 ± 4.50		24.83± 4.09		23.40 ± 4.20		22.01 ± 3.95
Yes	22.02 ±5.07		20.93 ± 5.12		25.05± 4.81		24.32 ± 4.93		22.75 ± 4.42
Interested in vaccination		20,572.000		22,634.500		21,750.500		20,602.000		21,083.500
No	22.35 ±5.39		21.01 ± 4.62		25.30 ±4.68		24.68 ±4.95		23.01 ±4.39
Yes	21.65 ± 4.84		20.84 ± 5.67		24.89 ±4.77		24.00 ±4.81		22.50 ±4.36
Effect on health		11,010.500**		11,864.000		11,864.000*		12,488.500		11,635.000
No	22.76 ±5.18		21.28 ±5.02		25.36±4.74		24.38 ±5.01		23.20 ±4.50
Yes	20.39 ±5.16		20.47 ±4.88		24.14±4.88		23.84±4.82		21.73 ±4.32
History of hospitalization		7299.500		7604.000		7555.000**		7800.500		7473.000
No	27.65 ±3.31		27.31 ±3.8		30.00 ±0.00		27.7 ±3.25		28.07 ±2.72
Yes	21.86 ±5.04		20.87 ±5.04		25.00 ±4.74		24.2±4.87		22.65 ±4.37
Chronic disease		12,832.000		13,068.000		13,014.500		13,909.000		13,773.500
No	22.06 ±4.87		20.80 ±5.16		24.97 ±4.72		24.23 ±4.90		22.70 ±4.33
Yes	21.04 ±5.79		21.40 ± 4.47		25.33 ±4.84		24.25± 4.72		22.52 ±4.73

Notes: Test used= Mann–Whitney U-test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.001.

Abbreviations: HFSUB, health and functioning subscale; SOCSUB, social and economic subscale; PSPSUB, psychological and spiritual subscale; FAMSUB, family subscale; OLI, Quality of Life Index.

Figure 1 Clustered bar mean of QLI and other subscales with respect to time in months after COVID-19 diagnosis.

Abbreviations: HFSUBa, health and functioning subscale; SOCSUBb, social and economic subscale; PSPSUBc, psychological and spiritual subscale; FAMSUBd, family subscale; OLI, Quality of Life Index.

Figure 2 Clustered bar mean of QLI and other subscales according to history of chronic illness.

Abbreviations: HFSUBa, health and functioning subscale; SOCSUBb, social and economic subscale; PSPSUBc, psychological and spiritual subscale; FAMSUBd, family subscale; OLI, Quality of Life Index.

Figure 3 Clustered bar mean of QLI and other subscales according to history of hospital admission.

Abbreviations: HFSUBa, health and functioning subscale; SOCSUBb, social and economic subscale; PSPSUBc, psychological and spiritual subscale; FAMSUBd, family subscale; OLI, Quality of Life Index.