Health Related Quality of Life of Rosacea Patients in China Assessed by Dermatology Life Quality Index and Willingness to Pay

Figures & data

Table 1 DLQI Scores According to Sociodemographic Characteristics and Clinical Characteristics

		N (%)	DLQI Mean ± SD (Median, IQR)	P-value
Age (years)
≤20		93 (10.1)	9.1 ± 5.8 (9, 4–12)	<0.001
21–30		400 (43.4)	11.8 ± 6.9 (11, 7–16)
31–40		187 (20.3)	13.6 ± 7.6 (12, 8–19)
41–50		193 (21.0)	11.1 ± 7.4 (11, 5–16)
> 50		48 (5.2)	8.0 ± 6.2 (7, 3–11)
Gender
Male		83 (9.0)	8.9 ± 5.6 (8, 5–12)	<0.001
Female		838 (91.0)	11.8 ± 7.2 (11, 6–17)
Marital status
Married		510 (55.4)	11.9 ± 7.6 (11, 6–17)	0.378
Single		411 (44.6)	11.2 ± 6.5 (10, 6–15)
Occupational appearance
No requirement		345 (37.5)	10.2 ± 6.6 (10, 5–14)	<0.001
Not sure		389 (42.2)	12.3 ± 7.5 (11, 6–17)
Low requirement		159 (17.3)	11.8 ± 6.9 (11, 7–16)
High requirement		28 (3.0)	17.4 ± 7.5 (17, 12–25)
Residential location
Provincial capital		463 (50.3)	11.5 ± 7.2 (10, 10–16)	0.490
Prefecture-level city		274 (29.7)	12.0 ± 7.3 (11, 6–17)
County or county-level city		184 (20.0)	11.3 ± 7.0 (11, 6–14)
Education
≤ Elementary school		53 (5.8)	12.2 ± 7.2 (11, 7–16)	0.587
Secondary school		151 (16.4)	12.4 ± 7.5 (11, 7–18)
High /technical secondary school		98 (10.6)	11.3 ± 7.0 (11, 5–16)
Junior college		106 (11.5)	11.7 ± 7.0 (10, 6–17)
≥ Undergraduate		513 (55.7)	11.3 ± 7.1 (10, 5–15)
Flushing
Present		916 (99.5)	11.6 ± 7.1 (11, 6–16)	0.045
Absent		5 (0.5)	6.4 ± 10.0 (2, 0.5–14.5)
Persistent erythema
Present		821 (89.1)	11.7 ± 7.2 (11, 6–16)	0.213
Absent		100 (10.9)	10.8 ± 6.8 (10, 5.25–14.75)
Papules and pustules
Present		609 (66.1)	11.6 ± 7.1 (11, 6–16)	0.835
Absent		312 (33.9)	11.6 ± 7.3 (10, 6–16)
Telangiectasia
Present		515 (55.9)	12.0 ± 7.3 (11, 7–17)	0.033
Absent		406 (44.1)	11.0 ± 7.0 (10, 5–15)
Phymatous changes
Present		83 (9)	9.6 ± 7.0 (8, 3–14)	0.004
Absent		838 (91.0)	11.8 ± 7.2 (11, 6–16)
Plaque
Present		68 (7.4)	13.5 ± 7.4 (12.5, 8–18.5)	0.021
Absent		853 (92.6)	11.4 ± 7.1 (11,6–16)
Edema
Present		146 (15.9)	14.1 ± 8.1 (13, 8–20)	<0.001
Absent		775 (84.1)	11.1 ± 6.9 (10, 6–15)
Lesion area (location amount)
≤ 3		485 (52.7)	11.3 ± 7.3 (10, 5–15)	0.115
≥ 3		436 (47.3)	12.0 ± 7.0 (11, 7–16)
Disease duration (years)
< 2		265 (28.8)	13.0 ± 7.6 (12, 7–19)	0.001
≥ 2		537 (58.3)	11.1 ± 6.8 (10, 6–15)
Unknown		119 (12.9)	10.5 ± 7.2 (10, 5–15)
Family history
Yes		107 (11.6)	11.1 ± 6.6 (11, 6–15)	0.473
Absent		783 (85.0)	11.6 ± 7.2 (11, 6–16)
Unknown		31 (3.4)	13.5 ± 8.4 (11, 8–21)

Abbreviations: DLQI, Dermatology Life Quality Index; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.

Table 2 DLQI Scores According to Adjusted Clinical Characteristics

		DLQI Mean ± SD (Median; IQR)	Odds Ratio	95% CI	P-value
Flushing duration (minutes/per day)
≤ 30		11.0 ± 7.1 (10, 5–15)	Ref	Ref	Ref
> 30		12.3 ± 7.2 (12, 7–17)	1.433	1.118–1.837	0.005
Severity of erythema
Absent		10.3 ± 7.5 (7, 5–15)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Mild		10.2 ± 6.5 (9, 5–13)	1.096	0.501–2.400	0.818
Moderate		11.7 ± 7.3 (11, 6–16)	1.480	0.699–3.135	0.306
Severe		13.4 ± 7.2 (13, 8–19)	2.432	1.076–5.499	0.033
Severity of papules and pustules
Absent		11.4 ± 7.2 (10, 5.5–16)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Mild		11.9 ± 7.6 (11, 6–17)	1.117	0.796–1.568	0.521
Moderate		11.0 ± 6.9 (10, 5–15)	0.972	0.700–1.349	0.864
Severe		12.3 ± 6.9 (12, 7–17)	1.327	0.898–1.960	0.156
Severity of flushing
Absent to mild		9.4 ± 6.6 (8, 5–12)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderate		11.8 ± 7.1 (11, 6–16)	1.844	1.295–2.625	<0.001
Severe		12.2 ± 7.3 (11, 7–17)	2.108	1.399–3.177	0.001
Severity of dry sensation
Absent to mild		10.4 ± 6.7 (9, 5–14)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderate		11.7 ± 7.4 (11, 6–17)	1.280	0.961–1.706	0.092
Severe		12.8 ± 7.2 (12, 8–18)	1.679	1.262–2.233	<0.001
Severity of burning
Absent to mild		9.9 ± 6.4 (9, 5–14)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderate		12.3 ± 7.2 (11, 7–16)	1.908	1.441–2.526	<0.001
Severe		14.2 ± 7.6 (14, 8–20)	2.779	2.051–3.765	<0.001
Severity of stinging
Absent to mild		10.2 ± 6.7 (9, 5–14)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderate		12.8 ± 7.2 (12, 7–18)	1.915	1.490–2.461	<0.001
Severe		17.6 ± 7.8 (17, 11–25)	5.396	3.090–9.424	<0.001
Severity of pruritus
Absent to mild		9.9 ± 6.6 (9, 5–14)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderate		12.2 ± 7.2 (11, 7–17)	1.773	1.382–2.274	<0.001
Severe		15.3 ± 7.7 (14, 9.5–22)	3.611	2.300–5.668	0.000

Notes: Ordinal logistic regression model adjusted by age and gender (DLQI levels: no effect, small effect, moderate effect, very large effect, extremely large effect).

Abbreviations: Ref,  reference; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 1 Percentage of patients by DLQI items rated moderately or severely affected.

Abbreviation: DLQI, Dermatology Life Quality Index.

Table 3 Factors Independently Associating with DLQI Total Score

		Model I^a			Model II^b
		Odds Ratio	CI 95%	P-value	Odds Ratio	CI 95%	P-value
Gender
Male		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Female		2.044	1.085–3.850	0.027	1.529	0.919–2.544	0.102
Age (years)
≤ 20		2.492	0.791–7.845	0.119	1.792	0.787–4.079	0.165
21–30		4.882	1.703–13.993	0.003	3.242	1.547–6.795	0.002
31–40		5.073	1.724–14.929	0.003	3.617	1.684–7.770	0.001
41–50		3.051	1.040–8.954	0.042	1.836	0.855–3.944	0.119
> 50		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Occupational appearance
No requirement		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Not sure		1.944	1.327–2.849	0.001	2.113	1.495–2.988	<0.001
Low requirement		1.495	0.952–2.349	0.081	1.449	0.985–2.131	0.060
High requirement		3.581	1.188–10.796	0.023	4.410	1.892–10.281	0.001
Disease duration
< 2 years		1.660	1.180–2.336	0.004	1.582	1.190–2.104	0.002
≥ 2 years		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Edema
Present		1.718	1.048–2.817	0.032	1.844	1.224–2.780	0.003
Absent		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Severity of flushing
Absent to mild		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderate		2.562	1.555–4.220	0.000	2.026	1.329–3.089	0.001
Severe		2.671	1.480–4.819	0.001	2.003	1.195–3.356	0.008
Severity of burning
Absent to mild		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderate		1.812	1.247–2.634	0.002	1.734	1.256–2.392	0.001
Severe		2.164	1.415–3.308	0.000	1.981	1.367–2.871	<0.001
Severity of stinging
Absent to mild		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderate		1.245	0.878–1.765	0.219	1.368	1.013–1.846	0.041
Severe		2.548	1.031–6.299	0.043	2.491	1.270–4.883	0.008
Severity of pruritus
Absent to mild		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Moderate		1.312	0.932–1.847	0.120	1.485	1.106–1.994	0.009
Severe		2.207	1.048–2.817	0.016	2.249	1.324–3.822	0.003

Notes: ^aBinary logistic regression model (DLQI ≤ 10 vs DLQI > 10). ^bOrdinal logistic regression model (DLQI levels: no effect, small effect, moderate effect, very large effect, extremely large effect).

Abbreviations: Ref, reference; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 2 Monthly WTP (A) and one-time WTP (B) distribution in DLQI<10 and >10. The euro symbol (€) represents the euro currency.

Abbreviations: DLQI, Dermatology Life Quality Index; WTP, willingness to pay.