Role of Health Literacy, Social Support, Patient-Physician Relationship, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Predicting Medication Adherence in Cardiovascular Diseases in Oman

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample Characteristics and Variables Descriptive Statistics

Variable	N (%)	Mean (SD)
Age (years)		59.8 (13.9)
Duration of disease (years)		9.8 (6.9)
Number of medications		3.8 (2.2)
Daily frequency of medications		1.9 (0.7)
Gender
Male	186 (51.7)
Female	174 (48.3)
Education status
No/low education	264 (73.3)
High school and above	90 (26.7)
Marital status
Single	20 (5.6)
Married	278 (77.2)
Divorced/widowed	62 (17.2)
Employment
Employed/retired	146 (40.6)
Unemployed	214 (59.4)
Health literacy (BRIEF)		11.4 (4.0)
Patient-physician relationship (PDRQ-9)		33.1 (7.3)
Social support (MSPSS)		32.7 (3.7)
Medication adherence (ACDS)		24.6 (3.7)
HRQoL
Physical health		69.8 (21.3)
Mental health		77.7 (12.6)
Current health perception		53.7 (10.2)
Overall health		54.3 (14.9)
Bodily Pain		70.3 (22.7)
Role functioning		79.6 (25.6)
Social functioning		64.6 (26.6)

Abbreviations: ACDS, Adherence in Chronic Disease Scale; BRIEF, Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool; HRQoL, Health-related quality of life; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PDRQ-9, Patient-Doctor Relationship Questionnaire; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Bivariate Relationship Between Medication Adherence and Study (n=360)

Variable	r-value	Mean (SD)	p-value
Age (years)^a	0.12		0.028^d
Duration of disease (years)^a	−0.03		0.517
Number of medications^a	0.06		0.254
Daily frequency of medications^a	−0.05		0.385
Health literacy (BRIEF)^a	0.01		0.874
Patient-physician relationship (PDRQ-9)^a	0.29		<0.01^d
Social support (MSPSS)^a	0.21		<0.01^d
HRQoL^a
Physical health	0.02		0.742
Mental health	0.25		<0.01^d
Current health perception	−0.07		0.204
Overall health	0.06		0.268
Bodily Pain	0.16		<0.01 ^d
Role functioning	−0.03		0.639
Social functioning	0.03		0.585
Gender^b			0.066
Male		24.22 (4.08)
Female		24.95 (3.41)
Education status^b			<0.01^d
No/low education		24.96 (3.54)
High school and above		23.50 (4.23)
Marital status^c			0.445
Single		24.05 (4.84)
Married		24.49 (3.74)
Divorced/widowed		25.08 (3.58)
Employment^b			<0.01^d
Employed/Retired	23.65 (4.04)
Unemployed	25.19 (3.47)

Notes: ^aPearson Correlation. ^bIndependent t-test. ^cOne-way ANOVA. ^dSignificant at p-value <0.05.

Abbreviations: BRIEF, Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool; HRQoL, Health-related quality of life; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PDRQ-9, Patient-Doctor Relationship Questionnaire; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Predictors of Medication Adherence Using Multiple Linear Regression^a

Variable	Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Coefficients	t	Sig	95.0% Confidence Interval
	B	SE	Beta
(Constant)	8.829	2.103		4.199	0.000	4.693–12.965
Age	0.017	0.016	0.062	1.066	0.287	−0.014–0.048
Health literacy (BRIEF)	0.061	0.057	0.065	1.063	0.289	−0.052–0.173
Patient-physician relationship (PDRQ-9)	0.124	0.025	0.242	5.017	<0.01c	0.076–0.173
Bodily Pain	0.030	0.008	0.182	3.721	<0.01^c	0.014–0.046
Mental Health	0.045	0.015	0.152	2.963	<0.01^c	0.015–0.075
Social support (MSPSS)	0.117	0.055	0.115	2.143	0.033^c	0.010–0.225
Unemployed^b	1.297	0.397	0.169	3.264	<0.01^c	0.516–2.079
Education: High school and more^b	−1.255	0.532	−0.147	−2.360	0.019^c	−2.300 – −0.209

Notes: ^aThis model used enter method. R²= 0.225. ^bReference groups for unemployed and education were employed/retired and no/low education, respectively. ^cSignificant at p-value <0.05.

Abbreviations: B, unstandardized beta; SE, Standard error; BRIEF, Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; PDRQ-9, Patient-Doctor Relationship Questionnaire.