Predictors of Under-Five Caregivers’ Utilization of Co-Packaged Zinc and Oral Rehydration Salts for Childhood Diarrhea in East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Participants on the Study Predictors of Under-Five Caregivers’ Utilization of Co-Packaged Zinc and Oral Rehydration Salts for Childhood Diarrhea in East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia, in 2022 (N = 540)

Variables	Categories	Frequency (%)
Age of respondents	18–29	260 (48.1%)
	30–39	232 (43.0%)
	40–49	48 (8.9%)
Sex	Male	83 (15.4%)
	Female	457 (84.6%)
Religion	Orthodox	60 (11.1%)
	Protestant	439 (81.3%)
	Muslim	38 (7.0%)
	Others^a	3 (0.6%)
Ethnicity	Oromo	520 (96.3%)
	Amhara	11 (2.0%)
	Tigre	2 (0.4%
	Gurage	7 (1.3%)
Marital status	Single	11 (2.05%)
	Married	494 (91.5%)
	Divorced	23 (4.3%)
	Widowed	12 (2.2%)
Occupation	Farmer	190 (35.2%)
	Housewife	230 (42.6%)
	Merchant	87 (16.1%)
	Laborer	11 (2.0%)
	Others^b	22 (4.1%)
Educational Status	Unable to read and write	88 (16.3%)
	Read and write	54 (10.0%)
	Primary education (1–8)	244 (45.2%)
	Grade 9–12	122 (22.6%)
	Diploma	22 (4.1%)
	Degree and above	10 (1.9%)
Family size	<5	313 (58.0%)
	>5	227 (42.0%)
Place of residence	Urban	86 (15.9%)
	Rural	454 (84.1%)
Monthly income (ETB)	1651–3200	317 (58.7%)
	3201–5250	149 (27.6%)
	5251–7800	52 (9.6%)
	7801–10,900	10 (1.9%)
	>10,900	12 (2.2%)

Notes: ^aCatholic, Wakefata, ^bStudents, government employee.

Abbreviation: ETB, Ethiopian Birr.

Table 2 Caregivers’ or Mothers’ Awareness and Practice-Related Factors on the Study Predictors of Under-Five Caregivers’ Utilization of Co-Packaged Zinc and Oral Rehydration Salts for Childhood Diarrhea in East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia, in 2022 (N = 540)

Variables	Categories	Frequency (%)
Had diarrhea in the last 12 months	Yes	493 (91.3%)
	No	47 (8.7%)
Day’s child had diarrhea	1–3	31 (5.7%)
	4–6	269 (49.8%)
	>6	198 (36.7%)
Fever in the last 12 months	Yes	472 (87.4%)
	No	26 (4.8%)
Diarrhea Episodes	Once	121 (22.4%)
	Twice	235 (43.5%)
	Three times and above	142 (26.3%)
Characteristics of diarrhea in the recent episode	Watery diarrhea	477 (88.3%)
	Bloody/Mucoid diarrhea	21 (3.9%)
Amount given to drink in the recent episodes of diarrhea	Much less	185 (34.3%)
	Somewhat less	81 (15%)
	About the same	64 (11%)
	More	168 (31.1%)
Did breast feed in the recent episodes of diarrhea	Breast feed more	291 (53.9%)
	Breast feed less	148 (27.4%)
	Breast feed about the same	59 (10.9%)
Amount to eat in the recent episodes of diarrhea	Much less	91 (16.9%)
	Somewhat less	110 (20.4%)
	About the same	60 (11.1%)
	More	206 (38.1%)
	Nothing to eat	25 (4.6%)
	Do not know	6 (1.1%)
Heard about zinc and ORS Co-pack	Yes	112 (20.7%)
	No	386 (71.5%)
Source of information for co-pack	Radio	5 (4.5%)
	TV	10 (8.9%)
	Health workers	97 (86.6%)
What did you think the 1st choice of treatment	Antibiotic syrup	413 (82.9%)
	Anti-helminthic syrup	41 (8.2%)
	Zinc tab	6 (1.2%)
	ORS	16 (3.2%)
	Zinc and ORS co-pack	22 (4.4%)
First treatment seeks at	Public health facilities	455 (91.4%
	Private health facilities	43 (8.6%)
Source of co-pack	Public health facilities	404 (81.1%)
	Private health facilities	94 (18.9%)
Types of diarrhea Co-pack recommended	Watery diarrhea	428 (85.9%)
	Bloody or mucoidy diarrhea	70 (14.1%)

Table 3 Health Seeking Behavior, Access and Quality-Related Factors on the Study Predictors of Under-Five Caregivers’ Utilization of Co-Packaged Zinc and Oral Rehydration Salts for Childhood Diarrhea in East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia, in 2022 (N = 540)

Variables	Categories	Frequency (%)
Perceived health status for recent episode of diarrhea	Poor	150 (27.8%)
	Medium	208 (38.5%)
	Good	182 (33.7%)
Know cause of child illness for recent episode	Yes	232 (47.1%)
	No	261 (52.9%)
Perceived severity for recent episode	Mild	132 (26.8%)
	Moderate	333 (67.5%)
	Severe	28 (5.7%)
Days after diarrhea began seek treatment	0–2	21 (3.9%)
	3–4	246 (45.6%)
	>5	273 (50.6%)
Where most frequently seek treatment	Health centers	227 (76.9%)
	Community health workers	47 (15.9%)
	Other public sectors	5 (1.7%)
	Private clinics or providers	10 (3.4%)
	Friend or Relatives	6 (2%)
Where most frequently seek advice	Health center	302 (55.9%)
	Community health workers	57 (10.6%)
	Other public sectors	67 (12.4%)
	Private clinics or providers	114 (21.15)
What advice did you received	Give Fluid	28 (5.2%)
	Give ORS	132 (24.4%)
	Give zinc	5 (0.9%)
	Give zinc and ORS co-pack	264 (48.9%)
	Give antibiotics	12 (2.2%)
	Give anti-diarrheal	16 (3.0%)
	Give more than usual of fluid	57 (10.6%)
	Give more than usual to eat	6 (1.1%)
	Take to clinic or hospitals	10 (1.9%)
	On prevention of diarrhea	10 (1.9%)
Source of information for advice	Radio	177 (32.8%)
	TV	97 (18.0%)
	Health worker	266 (49.3%)
Child hospitalization in the last 12 months	Yes	39 (7.2%)
	No	501 (92.8%)
Distance from health facilities	<10 kilometers	263 (48.7%)
	>10 kilometers	277 (51.3%)
Perceived quality of health care by health care professionals	Good	390 (72.2%)
	Poor	150 (27.8%)
Satisfaction from quality of care of HCP	Satisfied	356 (65.9%)
	Not satisfied	184 (34.1%)
Status of CBHI membership	Member	413 (76.5%)
	Non-member	127 (23.5%)

Figure 1 Co-packaged utilization of zinc and ORS among under-five children with diarrheal diseases in East Wollega zone, western Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 540).

Table 4 Predictors of Under-Five Caregivers’ Utilization of Co-Packaged Zinc and Oral Rehydration Salts for Childhood Diarrhea in East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia, in 2022 (N = 540)

Variables		Co-Packaged Zinc and ORS Utilization		OR[95% CI] and P value
		No N (%)	Yes N (%)	COR	AOR
Age of the respondent	18–29	162 (49.7%)	98 (45.8%)	1	1
	30–39	142 (43.6%)	90 (42.1%)	1.04 (0.72,1.50)	1.24 (0.66,2.36)
	40–49	22 (6.7%)	26 (12.1%)	1.9 (1.05,3.63)	2.03 (0.61, 6.70)
Occupation	Farmer	148 (45.4%)	42 (19.6%)	1	1
	Housewife	136 (41.7%)	94 (43.9%)	2.43 (1.581,3.75)	0.311 (0.09,1.01)
	Merchant	21 (6.4%)	66 (30.8%)	11.07 (6.08,20.15)	2.08 (0.31,16.38)
	Laborer	5 (1.5%)	6 (2.8%)	4.22 (1.22,14.54)	3.59 (0.46,2.39)
	Others^a	16 (4.9%)	6 (2.8%)	2.11 (0.72,6.15)	4.98 (0.23,7.71)
Family Size	<5	152 (46.6%)	161 (75.2%)	3.47 (2.38, 5.08)	5.72 (2.93,11.15)***
	>5	174 (53.4%)	53 (24.8%)	1	1
Heard about zinc and ORS Co-pack	Yes	101 (3.8%)	112 (48.6%)	3.94 (1.36,6.36)	9.52 (4.95,23.68)***
	No	279 (96.2%)	107 (51.4%)	1	1
Perceived health status for recent episode	Poor	52 (16.0%)	98 (45.8%)	6.48 (3.99,10.51)	5.90 (2.58, 15.96)***
	Medium	133 (40.8%)	75 (35.0%)	1.93 (1.23,3.03)	2.20 (1.02, 4.83)*
	Good	141 (43.3%)	41 (19.2%)	1	1
Perceived severity for recent episode	Mild	52 (18.2%)	80 (38.5%)	1	1
	Moderate	216 (75.8%)	117 (56.3%)	0.35 (0.23, 0.53)	4.48 (1.36, 14.76)**
	Severe	17 (6.0%)	11 (5.3%)	0.42 (0.18, 0.96)	4.99 (0.33, 7.42)
Distance from health facility	<10KM	189 (58.0%)	74 (34.6%)	1	1
	>10KM	137 (42.0%)	140 (65.4%)	2.61 (1.82,3.73)	0.57 (0.30,1.08)
Status of CBHI membership	Member	295 (90.5%)	118 (55.1%)	1	1
	Non-Member	31 (9.5%)	96 (44.9%)	3.03 (4.89,12.23)	2.28 (1.34,6.90)***

Notes: ^aStudents, government workers; *P-value <0.05; **P-value <0.01; ***P-value <0.001 and 1 = reference.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odd ratio; COR, crude odd ratio; KM, kilometer.