Validation of the Korean Version of Patient-Centered Care Tool: For Outpatients

Figures & data

Figure 1 The process of the study.

Table 1 General Characteristics of the Participants (N=400)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	M±SD
Age (yr)	< 40	228 (57.0)	40±15.1
	≥ 40	172 (43.0)
Gender	Male	85 (21.3)
	Female	315 (78.8)
Marital status	Married	191 (47.8)
	Unmarried	178 (44.5)
	Divorced	15 (3.8)
	Widowed	16 (4.0)
Type of visit	First visit	152 (38.0)
	Revisit	248 (62.0)
Educational level	High school or and lower	102 (25.6)
	College	204 (51.0)
	Graduate school or higher	94 (23.5)
Department of Medical	Internal medicine	192 (48.0)
	Surgical medicine	124 (31.0)
	Other medicine	84 (21.0)

Abbreviations: M, Mean; SD, Standard deviation.

Table 2 Item Analyses of the Korean Version of the PCC (28 Items) (N=400)

Item no.	M±SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	Domain								Cronbach’s α
				F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8
Patients’ preferences (Factor 1)												0.79
1	3.51±0.90	−0.41	0.12	0.73	0.55	0.38	0.44	0.51	0.50	0.37	0.24
2	3.58±0.91	−0.36	−0.36	0.82	0.51	0.45	0.41	0.45	0.44	0.46	0.17
3	3.60±1.04	−0.65	−0.06	0.76	0.43	0.38	0.35	0.39	0.36	0.34	0.18
5	3.78±0.78	−0.61	0.70	0.74	0.47	0.37	0.44	0.46	0.34	0.38	0.23
7	3.81±0.87	−0.63	0.33	0.69	0.48	0.38	0.39	0.50	0.37	0.38	0.17
Physical comfort (Factor 2)												0.74
8	3.86±0.91	−0.52	−0.22	0.56	0.64	0.36	0.46	0.55	0.42	0.28	0.13
9	3.50±0.99	−0.28	−0.54	0.49	0.69	0.31	0.42	0.61	0.38	0.19	0.16
10	3.94±0.87	−0.57	−0.18	0.40	0.73	0.38	0.38	0.31	0.32	0.39	0.22
11	3.57±0.99	−0.37	−0.52	0.38	0.74	0.40	0.30	0.32	0.39	0.42	0.28
12	3.75±0.98	−0.41	−0.50	0.43	0.68	0.62	0.38	0.38	0.35	0.41	0.27
Coordination of care (Factor 3)												0.73
13	3.50±0.96	−0.45	−0.36	0.44	0.49	0.92	0.44	0.36	0.38	0.40	0.36
14	3.75±0.75	−0.31	−0.09	0.50	0.58	0.86	0.46	0.43	0.38	0.43	0.28
Continuity and transition (Factor 4)												0.79
17	3.89±0.83	−0.54	0.01	0.44	0.48	0.43	0.81	0.43	0.40	0.40	0.30
19	3.92±0.78	−0.50	0.07	0.44	0.46	0.43	0.85	0.35	0.35	0.36	0.27
20	3.91±0.76	−0.52	0.19	0.47	0.47	0.39	0.86	0.42	0.39	0.37	0.28
Emotional support (Factor 5)												0.79
21	3.48±1.01	−0.28	−0.51	0.54	0.54	0.35	0.44	0.88	0.42	0.35	0.24
22	3.39±1.08	−0.31	−0.57	0.51	0.55	0.32	0.37	0.90	0.44	0.31	0.22
24	3.38±0.99	−0.36	−0.39	0.49	0.47	0.43	0.40	0.73	0.34	0.32	0.37
Access to care (Factor 6)												0.77
25	3.75±1.00	−0.74	0.08	0.37	0.35	0.33	0.30	0.33	0.72	0.41	0.15
26	3.63±1.03	−0.52	−0.32	0.42	0.41	0.30	0.37	0.39	0.80	0.39	0.16
27	3.63±1.07	−0.53	−0.49	0.40	0.45	0.31	0.33	0.36	0.79	0.34	0.17
28	2.88±1.20	0.04	−1.06	0.41	0.36	0.28	0.28	0.47	0.70	0.21	0.12
29	4.21±0.90	−1.12	0.98	0.33	0.36	0.31	0.39	0.12	0.60	0.41	0.11
Information and education (Factor 7)												0.77
30	3.89±0.87	−0.67	0.40	0.52	0.47	0.42	0.44	0.36	0.49	0.91	0.31
31	3.73±0.82	−0.27	−0.27	0.40	0.40	0.41	0.37	0.34	0.36	0.89	0.40
Family and friends (Factor 8)												0.78
34	3.45±0.97	−0.27	−0.28	0.19	0.26	0.31	0.26	0.24	0.15	0.28	0.81
35	3.55±0.93	−0.43	0.04	0.38	0.37	0.34	0.37	0.43	0.33	0.37	0.84
36	3.26±1.12	−0.26	−0.76	0.11	0.16	0.27	0.23	0.18	0.05	0.33	0.87

Abbreviations: PCC, Patient-centered care; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; F, factor.

Table 3 Model Fit of the Korean Version of the PCC (N=400)

Model	Absolute Fit Index				Relative Fit Index		Parsimonious Fit Index
	χ^2 (p)	χ^2 (p)/df	RMSEA	AGFI	NFI	CFI	AIC
Model 1 (26 items)	1052.38 (<.001)	3.88	0.09	0.77	0.79	0.84	1212.38
Model 2 (21 items)	386.18 (<.001)	2.40	0.06	0.88	0.90	0.94	526.18

Abbreviations: PCC, Patient-centered care; df, Degrees of freedom; RMSEA, Root mean square error of approximation; AGFI, Adjusted goodness of fit index; NFI, Normed fit index; CFI, Comparative fit index; AIC, Akaike information criterion.

Table 4 Results of the CFA and Analyses of Discriminant Validity of the Korean Version of PCC (21 Items) (N=400)

Factors	Item no.	Nonstandardized Estimates (B)	Standardized Estimates (β)	SE	C.R	p	M±SD	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4	Factor 5	Factor 6	Factor 7	Factor 8	AVE	CR
								r (R^2)	r (R^2)	r (R^2)	r (R^2)	r (R^2)	r (R^2)	r (R^2)	r (R^2)
Factor 1	1	1.00	0.68	–	–	–	3.62±0.71	–	0.69 (0.47)	0.66 (0.43)	0.63 (0.49)	0.60 (0.36)	0.57 (0.32)	0.64 (0.41)	0.36 (0.13)	0.54	0.82
	2	1.19	0.80	0.09	13.25	<0.001
	3	1.11	0.65	0.10	11.34	<0.001
	5	0.86	0.67	0.07	11.62	<0.001
Factor 2	8	1.00	0.79	–	–	–	3.68±0.85	0.69 (0.47)	–	0.50 (0.25)	0.62 (0.38)	0.75 (0.57)	0.50 (0.25)	0.36 (0.13)	0.25 (0.06)	0.63	0.77
	9	1.06	0.77	0.08	14.09	<0.001
Factor 3	13	1.00	0.76	–	–	–	3.63±0.76	0.66 (0.43)	0.50 (0.25)	–	0.63 (0.40)	0.45 (0.20)	0.46 (0.21)	0.56 (0.31)	0.42 (0.18)	0.66	0.80
	14	0.80	0.78	0.07	12.21	<0.001
Factor 4	17	1.00	0.67	–	–	–	3.90±0.66	0.63 (0.49)	0.62 (0.38)	0.63 (0.40)	–	0.48 (0.23)	0.49 (0.24)	0.56 (0.31)	0.42 (0.18)	0.68	0.86
	19	1.10	0.79	0.09	12.80	<0.001
	20	1.09	0.80	0.09	12.90	<0.001
Factor 5	21	1.00	0.89	–	–	–	3.43±0.99	0.51 (0.46)	0.75 (0.57)	0.45 (0.20)	0.48 (0.23)	–	0.50 (0.25)	0.42 (0.18)	0.32 (0.10)	0.78	0.88
	22	1.07	0.89	0.05	19.88	<0.001
Factor 6	25	1.00	0.66	–	–	–	3.67±0.85	0.57 (0.32)	0.50 (0.25)	0.46 (0.21)	0.49 (0.24)	0.50 (0.25)	–	0.58 (0.33)	0.27 (0.07)	0.53	0.77
	26	1.32	0.85	0.11	12.33	<0.001
	27	1.10	0.68	0.10	11.20	<0.001
Factor 7	30	1.00	0.82	–	–	–	3.81±0.76	0.64 (0.41)	0.36 (0.13)	0.56 (0.31)	0.56 (0.31)	0.42 (0.18)	0.58 (0.33)	–	0.50 (0.25)	0.70	0.82
	31	0.88	0.76	0.07	13.21	<0.001
Factor 8	34	1.00	0.67	–	–	–	3.42±0.85	0.36 (0.13)	0.25 (0.06)	0.42 (0.18)	0.42 (0.18)	0.32 (0.10)	0.27 (0.07)	0.50 (0.25)	–	0.55	0.78
	35	1.16	0.81	0.10	11.99	<0.001
	36	1.30	0.75	0.11	11.76	<0.001

Abbreviations: PCC, Patient-centered care; SE, Standard error; C.R, Critical Ratio; M, Mean; SD, Standard deviation; AVE, Average variance extracted; CR, Construct reliability; R², Correlation coefficient^2.

Table 5 Correlations Among the K-PCC and PEx-Inpatient (N=400)

Measures	Patients’ Preferences (Factor 1)	Physical Comfort (Factor 2)	Coordination of Care (Factor 3)	Continuity and Transition (Factor 4)	Emotional Support (Factor 5)	Access to Medical care (Factor 6)	Information and Education (Factor 7)	Family and Friends (Factor 8)	Total PCC
	r(p)	r(p)	r(p)	r(p)	r(p)	r(p)	r(p)	r(p)	r(p)
PEx-Inpatient	0.54 (<.001)	0.47 (<.001)	0.43 (<.001)	0.50 (<.001)	0.43 (<.001)	0.49 (<.001)	0.52 (<.001)	0.21 (<.001)	0.64 (<.001)

Abbreviations: K-PCC, Korean version of Patient-centered care; PEx, The patient-centeredness measurement tool for inpatients.

Table 6 Reliability of Korean Version of PCC (21 Items) (N=400)

Factor	Number of Items	M±SD	Cronbach’s a
Patients’ preferences (Factor 1)	4	3.62±0.71	0.79	0.90
Physical comfort (Factor 2)	2	3.68±0.85	0.75
Coordination of care (Factor 3)	2	3.63±0.76	0.73
Continuity and transition (Factor 4)	3	3.90±0.66	0.79
Emotional support (Factor 5)	2	3.43±0.99	0.88
Access to medical care (Factor 6)	3	3.67±0.85	0.76
Information and education (Factor 7)	2	3.81±0.76	0.77
Family and friends (Factor 8)	3	3.42±0.85	0.78

Abbreviations: M, Mean; SD, Standard deviation.

Table 7 The Final Version of K-PCC

Factor 1. Patient’s Preferences (4 items)
1	I felt to be treated importantly.
2	My will and preference were considered when choosing medical treatment.
3	I was involved in decision-making on my treatment.
4	I was helped to determine my own treatment purpose.
Factor 2. Physical comfort (2 items)
5	(Medical team) paid attention to my physical wellbeing (pain management, difficult breathing, etc.).
6	There was an interest in exhaustion and insomnia.
Factor 3. Coordination of care (2 items)
7	Everyone in hospital was knowing it well even if I only talked about my situation once.
8	Medical treatment was well coordinated among the staffs involved.
Factor 4. Continuity and transition (3 items)
9	I was knowing to where and why I should go when being referred to other healthcare providers (expert/nutritionist/physical therapist).
10	There was mutual agreement in advices (eg: medication, etc.) by a wide variety of medical professionals (eg: pharmacist, physician in charge).
11	The medical attendant’s treatment was in line with that of other medical experts.
Factor 5. Emotional support (2 items)
12	Emotional support was provided.
13	Attention was paid to the feelings such as fear, depression, anxiety, etc.
Factor 6. Access to medical care (3 items)
14	There is no difficulty in going from home to see my doctor and coming back to home
15	There was easy access to general treatment.
16	I could easily make an appointment (related to treatment).
Factor 7. Information and education (2 items)
17	I know well (about information relevant to treatment).
18	The information that I received was well explained.
Factor 8. Family and friends (3 items)
19	My families and caregivers were involved in my treatment with my consent.
20	Attention was paid to the care and support provided by family members.
21	Attention was given to possible questions that may arise from family members.