Chinese Community Home-Based Aging Institution Elders’ Self-Management of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Its Interrelationships with Social Support, E-Health Literacy, and Self Efficacy: A Serial Multiple Mediation Model

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants (n = 289)

Variables	N	%	P
Gender
Male	181	62.6
Female	108	37.4	0.204
Age (years)
60–70	185	64
71–80	97	33.6	0.027
81–90	7	2.4
Education status
Primary school	97	33.6
Junior school	96	33.2	0.357
High school	66	22.8
University	30	10.4
Main caregiver
Own	68	23.6
Spouse	114	39.4	0.211
Child	107	37
Living situation
Alone	97	33.6
With spouse	88	30.4	0.136
With child	34	11.8
With family	70	24.2
Family history of NCDs
Yes	67	23.2	0.998
No	222	76.8
Use smart health devices
Yes	46	15.9
No	243	84.1	0.002

Table 2 Mean Scores and Pearson Correlation Coefficients of Main Variables (n = 289)

Variable	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4
1 Self-management	29.39	9.60	1	-	-	-
2 E-health literacy	19.15	9.60	0.566**	1	-	-
3 General self-efficacy	2.47	0.65	0.477**	0.404**	1	-
4 Social support	42.25	6.29	0.283**	0.307**	0.499**	1

Note: **P<0.01.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis for e-Health Literacy, General Self-Efficacy, and Self-Management (n = 289)

Outcome Variables	Predicting Variables	β	t	P	R	R^2	F
E-health literacy	Social support	0.223	3.946	<0.001
	Smart health devices	0.197	3.645	<0.001
	Age	−0.279	−4.949	<0.001	0.413	0.171	28.379
General self-efficacy	E-health literacy	0.184	4.732	<0.001
	Social support	0.423	7.373	<0.001
	Smart health devices	0.054	1.049	0.295
	Age	−0.226	−0.333	0.739	0.564	0.318	42.104
Self-management	E-health literacy	0.376	7.725	<0.001
	General self-efficacy	0.448	8.708	<0.001
	Social support	−0.034	−0.668	0.505
	Smart health devices	0.141	0.297	0.767	0.693	0.481	69.501
	Age	−0.074	−1.604	0.110

Figure 1 Serial mediation of e-health literacy and general self-efficacy on the relationship between social support and self-management. The coefficients shown are standardized path coefficients, ***P < 0.001.

Table 4 Indirect Effects of e-Health Literacy and General Self-Efficacy (n = 289)

	Effect	Boot SE	LLCI	ULCI	Proportion
Total effect	0.729	0.166	0.402	1.056
Direct effect	−0.095	0.1518	−0.3927	0.249
Total mediation effect	0.824	0.113	0.622	1.062	100%
lnd 1: social support→e-health-literacy→self-management	0.234	0.067	0.118	0.388	28.4%
lnd 2: social support→general self-efficacy→self-management	0.515	0.513	0.377	0.703	62.5%
lnd 3: social support→e-health literacy→general self-efficacy→self-management	0.075	0.758	0.317	0.152	9.1%

Abbreviations: Boot SE, Boot-strapped standard error; LLCI, Lower level confidence interval; ULCI, Upper level confidence interval.