Dietary Supplement Consumption and Mental Health in Indonesian Adults During Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Respondents

	Vulnerable Population (n=347)	Nonvulnerable Population (n= 659)
Age
18–25 y.o	58 [16.7]	346 [52.5]
26–35 y.o	47 [13.5]	108 [16.4]
36–45 y.o	41 [11.8]	116 [17.6]
46–55 y.o	54 [15.6]	61 [9.3]
56–60 y.o	17 [4.9]	28 [4.2]
>60 y.o	130 [37.5]
Sex
Male	106 [30.5]	186 [28.2]
Female	241 [69.5]	473 [71.8]
Marital Status
Single	174 [50.1]	389 [59]
Married	173 [49.9]	270 [41]
Work
Unemployed	213 [61.4]	383 [58.1]
Employed	134 [38.6]	276 [41.9]
Economic Status
Below average	42 [12.1]	77 [11.7]
Average	256 [73.8]	512 [77.7]
Above average	49 [14.1]	70 [10.6]
Education
Below high school	58 [16.7]	12 [1.8]
High school	94 [27.1]	287 [43.6]
Undergraduate	135 [38.9]	286 [43.4]
Postgraduate	60 [17.3]	74 [11.2]
Religion
Majority	289 [83.3]	580 [88]
Nonmajority	58 [16.7]	79 [12]

Figure 1 Comorbidity diseases of the respondents (A), type of supplements (B), respondents’ feeling after consuming supplement consumption (C), source of information about supplements (D).

Table 2 Supplement Consumption During the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

	Vulnerable	Nonvulnerable	p-value
Supplement Consumption
Routinely consumed	148 [42.7]	218 [33.1]	0.003
Not routinely consumed	159 [45.8]	327 [49.6]
Never consumed	40 [11.5]	114 [17.3]

Notes: Italic value shows p-value. Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level.

Figure 2 Mental health status among Indonesian adults during the second wave pandemic. Vulnerable group (A), nonvulnerable group (B), comparison between depression (C), anxiety (D) and stress (E) incidence of both groups.

Table 3 Association Between Supplement Consumption and Mental Health Problems

	Supplement Consumption χ^2 (p-value)
Depression	36.755 (<0.001)
Anxiety	22.503 (0.003)
Stress	10.623 (0.211)

Notes: p-value was obtained from chi-square test using Monte Carlo analysis. Italic value shows p-value. Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level.

Table 4 Binary Logistic Regression Analysis for Supplement Consumption Behavior and Mental Health Problems (Depression, Anxiety and Stress)

Variables	Supplement				Depression				Anxiety				Stress
	B	p-value	AOR	95% CI	B	p-value	AOR	95% CI	B	p-value	AOR	95% CI	B	p-value	AOR	95% CI
Age
18–25			1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
26–35	0.81	0.047	2.26	1.01–5.03	−0.20	0.530	0.82	0.45–1.51	−0.87	0.003	0.43	0.24–0.75	−0.08	0.810	0.93	0.50–1.71
36–45	0.80	0.085	2.23	0.90–5.52	−0.55	0.154	0.58	0.27–1.23	−1.10	0.001	0.33	0.17–0.64	−0.06	0.873	0.94	0.45–2.00
46–55	1.04	0.043	2.83	1.03–7.73	−1.38	0.005	0.25	0.10–0.66	−1.13	0.002	0.32	0.16–0.66	−0.46	0.285	0.63	0.27–1.47
56–60	1.33	0.054	3.78	0.98–14.60	−1.90	0.014	0.15	0.03–0.68	−1.95	<0.001	0.14	0.05–0.41	−1.21	0.067	0.30	0.08–1.09
>60	0.71	0.115	2.05	0.84–4.97	−0.80	0.025	0.45	0.22–0.90	−1.20	<0.001	0.30	0.16–0.57	−0.77	0.034	0.47	0.23–0.94
Sex
Male			1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
Female	−0.38	0.082	0.68	0.44–1.05	0.23	0.201	1.26	0.88–1.80	0.45	0.007	1.57	1.13–2.17	0.6	0.753	1.06	0.75–1.50
Marital Status
Single			1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
Married	0.11	0.755	1.11	0.57–2.16	−0.88	0.001	0.42	0.24–0.70	−0.80	0.001	0.45	0.28–0.71	−1.35	<0.001	0.26	0.15–0.44
Work
Unemployed			1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
Employed	0.04	0.898	1.04	0.60–1.78	−0.44	0.063	0.64	0.40–1.02	0.21	0.341	1.23	0.81–1.87	−0.24	0.320	0.79	0.50–1.26
Economic Status
Below Average			1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
Average	0.76	0.002	2.14	1.33–3.46	−0.06	0.807	0.95	0.60–1.48	0.21	0.337	1.24	0.80–1.90	0.48	0.055	1.61	0.99–2.63
Above Average	0.26	0.458	1.29	0.66–2.54	−0.31	0.356	0.74	0.38–1.41	0.32	0.293	1.38	0.76–2.49	0.54	0.110	1.71	0.89–3.31
Education
Below High School			1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
High School	0.99	0.016	2.70	1.21–6.03	−0.12	0.742	0.89	0.43–1.83	−0.24	0.467	0.79	0.41–1.51	0.14	0.726	1.15	0.54–2.45
Undergraduate	1.05	0.011	2.87	1.27–6.45	−0.21	0.577	0.81	0.39–1.70	−0.60	0.074	0.55	0.28–1.06	0.01	0.973	1.01	0.47–2.18
Postgraduate	1.12	0.028	3.08	1.13–8.40	−0.13	0.769	0.88	0.36–2.12	−0.63	0.108	0.53	0.25–1.15	−0.41	0.396	0.67	0.26–1.70
Religion
Majority			1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
Non Majority	−0.15	0.539	0.86	0.52–1.41	0.34	0.109	1.41	0.93–2.13	0.00	0.989	1.00	0.67–1.49	−0.20	0.370	0.82	0.53 −1.27
Vulnerability
Vulnerable			1.00				1.00				1.00				1.00
Non Vulnerable	−0.38	0.149	0.68	0.40–1.15	−0.18	0.405	0.84	0.55–1.27	−0.50	0.009	0.61	0.42–0.88	−0.32	0.119	0.73	0.49–1.09

Notes: Italic value shows p-value. Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level.