Orthodontic Patients with Poor Oral Health-Related Quality of Life are More Likely to Have Emotional Distress: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample Characteristics

Variable	Description	General	ED	Mild ED	Moderate ED	Severe ED
HEI Score	Median (Q2, Q3)	3 (0, 8)	10 (9, 13)	9 (9, 10)	13 (13, 14)	18 (17, 24)
OHIP-14 Score	Median (Q2, Q3)	9 (4, 15)	15 (9.75,21.25)	14 (9, 20)	16 (10, 20)	19 (6, 23)
Good OHRQoL (OHIP-14≤ 14)	N %	432 / 603 71.6%	57 / 432 13.19%	45 / 432 10.42%	6 / 432 1.39%	6 / 432 1.39%
Poor OHRQoL (OHIP-14 > 14)	N %	171 / 603 28.4%	61 / 171 35.67%	41 / 171 23.98%	10 / 171 5.85%	10 / 171 5.85%

Figure 1 Histogram of the Hua Xi Emotional-distress Index (HEI) score in the overall study sample (N = 603).

Table 2 Effects of Factors on Emotional Distress

Variable	Total (N = 603)	Non-ED Patients (N = 485)	ED Patients (N = 118)	p
	N (%) / Median (Q2, Q3)	N (%) / Median (Q2, Q3)	N (%) / Median (Q2, Q3)
Age	23.7(18.6, 27.9)	23.6(18.3, 27.6)	24.46(19.6, 28.8)	0.074
Adolescents	128(21.23%)	109(22.47%)	19(16.10%)
Adults	475(78.77%)	376(77.53%)	99(83.90%)
Sex				0.160
Male	202 (33.5%)	169 (34.8%)	33 (28.0%)
Female	401 (66.5%)	316 (65.2%)	85 (72.0%)
OHIP-14 Score	9 (4, 15)	7 (3, 14)	15 (9.75, 21.25)	***
OHRQoL				***
Poor (OHIP-14 >14)	171 (28.4%)	110(22.7%)	61(51.7%)
Good (OHIP-14 ≤14)	432 (71.6%)	375(77.3%)	57(48.3%)
Risky Drinking Behavior				*
Yes	133 (22.1%)	97(20.0%)	36(30.5%)
No	470 (77.9%)	388(80.0%)	82(69.5%)
Educational level				0.530
Middle school	172 (28.5%)	143 (29.5%)	29 (24.6%)
Undergraduate	333 (55.2%)	263 (54.2%)	70 (59.3%)
Postgraduate and above	98(16.3%)	79 (16.3%)	19 (16.1%)
Profession				0.441
Student	345(57.2%)	283 (58.4%)	62(52.5%)
State-owned enterprise worker	119 (19.7%)	95 (19.6%)	24(20.3%)
Private enterprise worker	139 (23.1%)	107 (22.1%)	32(27.1%)
Marriage				0.347
Unmarried	499 (82.8%)	397(81,9%)	102(86.4%)
Married	97 (16.1%)	83(17.1%)	14(11.9%)
Divorced	7(1.2%)	5(1.0%)	2(1.7%)
Location				1.000
City	547 (90.7%)	440(90.7%)	107(90.7%)
Rural	56 (9.3%)	45(9.3%)	11(9.3%)
Single parent family				0.724
Yes	56 (9.3%)	44(9.1%)	12(10.2%)
No	547 (90.7%)	441(90.9%)	106(89.8%)
Only child in family				0.396
Yes	353 (58.5%)	288(59.4%)	65(55.1%)
No	250 (41.5%)	197(40.6%)	53(44.9%)
Smoking				0.676
Yes	39 (6.5%)	30(6.2%)	9(7.6%)
No	564 (93.5%)	455(93.8%)	109(92.4%)
Appliance type				0.582
Labial metal	368 (61.0%)	293(60.4%)	75(63.6%)
Labial ceramic	64 (10.6%)	50(10.3%)	14(11.9%)
Clear aligner	171 (28.4%)	142(29.3%)	29(24.6%)

Note: * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001.

Table 3 Effect of OHIP Domains on Emotional Distress

OHIP-14 Domains	Total	Normal	Emotional Distress	p
	Median (Q2, Q3)	Median (Q2, Q3)	Median (Q2, Q3)
Functional limitation	1(0, 2)	1(0, 2)	2(1, 3)	***
Physical pain	2(1, 3)	2(1, 3)	3(1.75, 4)	***
Psychological discomfort	2(0, 3)	1(0, 2)	2.5(2, 4)	***
Physical disability	2(0, 3)	1(0, 2)	2(1, 4)	***
Psychological disability	2(0, 2)	1(0, 2)	2(2, 3)	***
Social disability	0(0, 2)	0(0, 1)	2(0, 2)	***
Handicap	0(0, 2)	0(0, 1)	2(0, 3)	***

Note: ***p < 0.001.

Table 4 Logistic Regression Analysis of Association Between OHRQoL and ED

Variable	Crude Model	Adjusted Model I	Adjusted Model II	Adjusted Model III
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Low OHIP-14 (Good OHRQoL)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
High OHIP-14 (Poor OHRQoL)	4.37 (2.77, 6.90) p<0.0001	4.19 (2.65,6.63) p <0.0001	4.07 (2.56, 6.45) p <0.0001	4.00 (2.52, 6.36) p <0.001

Notes: Model I was adjusted for: age. Model II was adjusted for: age and risky drinking behavior. Model III was adjusted for: age, risky drinking behavior and sex.