Adherence Behaviors and Related Factors Among Elderly Hypertensive Patients in China: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Basic Information of Study Subjects (n = 5175)

Variables	Categories	n	%
Demographic characteristics
Gender	Male	2394	46.26
	Female	2781	53.74
Age	60–64	1305	25.22
	65–69	1482	28.64
	70–74	1025	19.81
	≥ 75	1363	26.34
Education level	Illiterate	1651	31.90
	Did not finish primary school	1172	22.65
	Elementary school	1105	21.35
	Middle school	767	14.82
	High school and above	480	9.28
Marital status	Married	3904	75.44
	Others	1271	24.56
Self-rated health	Good	714	13.80
	Fair	2201	42.53
	Poor	1771	34.22
Healthy behaviors
Smoke	No	2996	57.89
	Yes	2177	42.07
Drink	No	3017	58.30
	Yes	1304	25.20
Sleep duration	< 6h	1960	37.87
	6–8h	2526	48.81
	> 8h	579	11.19
Health examination	No	2117	40.91
	Yes	3029	58.53
Physical activity	No activity	782	15.11
	Mild activity	1877	36.27
	Moderate activity	1422	27.48
	Vigorous activity	1093	21.12
Living environment and retirement
Living area	Rural	3826	73.93
	Urban	1327	25.64
Life satisfaction	Satisfied	1702	32.89
	Somewhat satisfied	2386	46.11
	Not satisfied	542	10.47
Health education	No	2143	41.41
	Yes	2797	54.05
Pension reliance	Children	2893	55.90
	Savings or pension	1935	37.39
	Others	339	6.55

Note: Variables may not sum to n = 5175 due to missing values.

Table 2 Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Medication Adherence (n = 5175)

Variables	Medication Adherence		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Poor (n, %)	Good (n, %)
Demographic characteristics
Gender
Male	603 (49.75)	1791 (45.19)	1	–
Female	609 (50.25)	2172 (54.81)	1.20 (1.06–1.37)**	–
Age
60–64	333 (27.48)	972 (24.53)	1	–
65–69	349 (28.80)	1133 (28.59)	1.11 (0.94–1.32)	–
70–74	215 (17.74)	810 (20.44)	1.29 (1.06–1.57)*	–
≥ 75	315 (25.99)	1048 (26.44)	1.14 (0.95–1.36)	–
Education level
Illiterate	398 (32.84)	1253 (31.62)	1	–
Primary school unfinished	268 (22.11)	904 (22.81)	1.07 (0.90–1.28)	–
Elementary school	256 (21.12)	849 (21.42)	1.05 (0.88–1.26)	–
Middle school	173 (14.27)	594 (14.99)	1.09 (0.89–1.34)	–
High school and above	117 (9.65)	363 (9.16)	0.99 (0.78–1.25)	–
Marital status
Married	908 (74.92)	2996 (75.60)	1	–
Others	304 (25.08)	967 (24.40)	0.96 (0.83–1.12)	–
Self-rated health
Good	224 (20.40)	490 (13.66)	1	1
Fair	551 (50.18)	1650 (45.99)	1.37 (1.14–1.65)***	1.54 (1.21–1.96)***
Poor	323 (29.42)	1448 (40.36)	2.05 (1.68–2.50)***	2.41 (1.85–3.14)***
Healthy behaviors
Smoke
No	648 (53.47)	2348 (59.28)	1	1
Yes	564 (46.53)	1613 (40.72)	0.79 (0.69–0.90)***	0.82 (0.68–0.98)*
Drink
No	652 (68.27)	2365 (70.26)	1	–
Yes	303 (31.73)	1001 (29.74)	0.91 (0.78–1.06)***	–
Sleep duration
< 6h	458 (38.42)	1502 (38.78)	1	–
6–8h	586 (49.16)	1940 (50.09)	1.01 (0.88–1.16)	–
> 8h	148 (12.42)	431 (11.13)	0.89 (0.72–1.10)	–
Health examination
No	557 (46.11)	1560 (39.61)	1	–
Yes	651 (53.89)	2378 (60.39)	1.30 (1.15–1.49)***	–
Physical activity
No activity	178 (14.69)	604 (15.24)	1	–
Mild activity	379 (31.27)	1498 (37.81)	1.16 (0.95–1.42)	–
Moderate activity	352 (29.04)	1070 (27.01)	0.90 (0.73–1.10)	–
Vigorous activity	303 (25.00)	790 (19.94)	0.77 (0.62–0.95)*	–
Living environment and retirement
Living area
Rural	960 (79.47)	2866 (72.65)	1	1
Urban	248 (20.53)	1079 (27.35)	1.46 (1.25–1.70)***	1.32 (1.07–1.63)*
Life satisfaction
Satisfied	387 (35.77)	1315 (37.06)	1	1
Somewhat satisfied	558 (51.57)	1828 (51.52)	0.96 (0.83–1.12)	0.87 (0.72–1.06)
Not satisfied	137 (12.66)	405 (11.41)	0.87 (0.70–1.09)	0.67 (0.51–0.89)**
Health education
No	539 (55.17)	1604 (40.47)	1	1
Yes	438 (44.83)	2359 (59.53)	1.81 (1.57–2.08)***	1.97 (1.66–2.35)***
Pension reliance
Children	735 (60.64)	2158 (54.56)	1	–
Savings or pension	398 (32.84)	1537 (38.86)	1.32 (1.15–1.51)***	–
Others	79 (6.52)	260 (6.57)	1.12 (0.86–1.46)	–

Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Table 3 Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Blood Pressure Monitoring Adherence (n = 5175)

Variables	Blood Pressure Monitoring Adherence		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Poor (n, %)	Good (n, %)
Demographic characteristics
Gender
Male	1908 (46.13)	486 (46.78)	1	1
Female	2228 (53.87)	553 (53.22)	0.97 (0.85–1.12)	0.75 (0.60–0.95)*
Age
60–64	1056 (25.53)	249 (23.97)	1	–
65–69	1186 (28.68)	296 (28.49)	1.06 (0.88–1.28)	–
70–74	794 (19.20)	231 (22.23)	1.23 (1.01–1.51)	–
≥ 75	1100 (26.60)	263 (25.31)	1.01 (0.84–1.23)	–
Education level
Illiterate	1306 (31.58)	345 (33.21)	1	–
Primary school unfinished	964 (23.31)	208 (20.02)	0.82 (0.67–0.99)*	–
Elementary school	877 (21.20)	228 (21.94)	0.98 (0.82–1.19)	–
Middle school	616 (14.89)	151 (14.53)	0.93 (0.75–1.15)	–
High school and above	373 (9.02)	107 (10.30)	1.09 (0.85–1.39)	–
Marital status
Married	3120 (75.44)	784 (75.46)	1	–
Others	1016 (24.56)	255 (24.54)	1.00 (0.85–1.17)	–
Self-rated health
Good	591 (15.79)	123 (13.04)	1	1
Fair	1823 (48.70)	378 (40.08)	1.00 (0.80–1.25)	1.01 (0.77–1.32)
Poor	1329 (35.51)	442 (46.87)	1.60 (1.28–2.00)***	1.67 (1.28–2.19)***
Healthy behaviors
Smoke
No	2370 (57.33)	626 (60.25)	1	1
Yes	1764 (42.67)	413 (39.75)	0.89 (0.77–1.02)	0.73 (0.57–0.92)**
Drink
No	2406 (70.35)	611 (67.81)	1	–
Yes	1014 (29.65)	290 (32.19)	1.13 (0.96–1.32)	–
Sleep duration
< 6h	1572 (38.84)	388 (38.11)	1	1
6–8h	2005 (49.54)	521 (51.18)	1.05 (0.91–1.22)	1.29 (1.08–1.54)**
> 8h	470 (11.61)	109 (10.71)	0.94 (0.74–1.19)	1.00 (0.74–1.33)
Health examination
No	1785 (43.41)	332 (32.11)	1	1
Yes	2327 (56.59)	702 (67.89)	1.62 (1.40–1.87)***	1.42 (1.19–1.69)***
Physical activity
No activity	641 (15.50)	141 (13.57)	1	1
Mild activity	1475 (35.67)	402 (38.69)	1.24 (1.00–1.53)*	1.39 (1.06–1.82)*
Moderate activity	1132 (27.38)	290 (27.91)	1.16 (0.93–1.46)	1.30 (0.98–1.73)
Vigorous activity	887 (21.45)	206 (19.83)	1.06 (0.83–1.34)	1.19 (0.88–1.62)
Living environment and retirement
Living area
Rural	3049 (74.04)	777 (75.07)	1	1
Urban	1069 (25.96)	258 (24.93)	0.95 (0.81–1.11)	0.80 (0.66–0.98)*
Life satisfaction
Satisfied	1351 (36.51)	351 (37.74)	1	–
Somewhat satisfied	1924 (52.00)	462 (49.68)	0.92 (0.79–1.08)	–
Not satisfied	425 (11.49)	117 (12.58)	1.06 (0.84–1.34)	–
Health education
No	1830 (46.91)	313 (30.13)	1	1
Yes	2071 (53.09)	726 (69.87)	2.05 (1.77–2.37)***	2.15 (1.80–2.57)***
Pension reliance
Children	2321 (56.21)	572 (55.11)	1	–
Savings or pension	1531 (37.08)	404 (38.92)	1.07 (0.93–1.24)	–
Others	277 (6.71)	62 (5.97)	0.91 (0.68–1.21)	–

Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Table 4 Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Overall Adherence Evaluation (n = 5175)

Variables	Fully Non- Adherence	Partially Adherence	Fully Adherence	Partially Adherence		Fully Adherence
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Demographic characteristics
Gender
Male	561 (49.56)	1389 (45.04)	444 (46.30)	1	–	1	–
Female	571 (50.44)	1695 (54.96)	515 (53.70)	1.20 (1.05–1.37)**	–	1.14 (0.96–1.35)	–
Age
60–64	319 (28.18)	751 (24.35)	235 (24.50)	1	1	1	–
65–69	330 (29.15)	875 (28.37)	277 (28.88)	1.13 (0.94–1.35)	1.26 (0.98–1.62)	1.14 (0.90–1.44)	–
70–74	197 (17.40)	615 (19.94)	213 (22.21)	1.33 (1.08–1.63)**	1.20 (0.91–1.58)	1.47 (1.14–1.90)**	–
≥ 75	286 (25.27)	843 (27.33)	234 (24.40)	1.25 (1.04–1.51)*	1.37 (1.03–1.82)*	1.11 (0.87–1.41)	–
Education level
Illiterate	375 (33.13)	954 (30.93)	322 (33.58)	1	–	1	–
Primary school unfinished	254 (22.44)	724 (23.48)	194 (20.23)	1.12 (0.93–1.35)	–	0.89 (0.70–1.13)	–
Elementary school	238 (21.02)	657 (21.30)	210 (21.90)	1.09 (0.90–1.31)	–	1.03 (0.81–1.30)	–
Middle school	155 (13.69)	479 (15.53)	133 (13.87)	1.21 (0.98–1.51)	–	1.00 (0.76–1.32)	–
High school and above	110 (9.72)	270 (8.75)	100 (10.43)	0.96 (0.75–1.24)	–	1.06 (0.78–1.44)	–
Marital status
Married	851 (75.18)	2326 (75.42)	727 (75.81)	1	–	1	–
Others	281 (24.82)	758 (24.58)	232 (24.19)	0.99 (0.84–1.16)	–	0.97 (0.79–1.18)	–
Self-rated health
Good	212 (20.72)	391 (13.99)	111 (12.79)	1	1	1	1
Fair	515 (50.34)	1344 (48.09)	342 (39.40)	1.41 (1.16–1.72)***	1.66 (1.28–2.16)***	1.27 (0.97–1.66)	1.47 (1.04–2.07)*
Poor	296 (28.93)	1060 (37.92)	415 (47.81)	1.94 (1.57–2.40)***	2.40 (1.80–3.19)***	2.68 (2.04–3.52)***	3.53 (2.46–5.07)***
Healthy behaviors
Smoke
No	606 (53.53)	1806 (58.60)	584 (60.90)	1	–	1	1
Yes	526 (46.47)	1276 (41.40)	375 (39.10)	0.81 (0.71–0.93)**	–	0.74 (0.62–0.88)***	0.61 (0.44–0.86)*
Drink
No	608 (68.86)	1842 (70.60)	567 (68.40)	1	–	1	–
Yes	275 (31.14)	767 (29.40)	262 (31.60)	0.92 (0.78–1.09)	–	1.02 (0.83–1.25)	–
Sleep duration
< 6h	425 (38.19)	1180 (39.16)	355 (37.81)	1	–	1	1
6–8h	554 (49.78)	1483 (49.22)	489 (52.08)	0.96 (0.83–1.12)	–	1.06 (0.88–1.27)	1.40 (1.09–1.80)**
> 8h	134 (12.04)	350 (11.62)	95 (10.12)	0.94 (0.75–1.18)	–	0.85 (0.63–1.14)	0.91 (0.61–1.35)
Health examination
No	533 (47.25)	1276 (41.64)	308 (32.29)	1	–	1	1
Yes	595 (52.75)	1788 (58.36)	646 (67.71)	1.26 (1.09–1.44)**	–	1.88 (1.57–2.25)***	1.46 (1.15–1.85)**
Physical activity
No activity	166 (14.66)	487 (15.80)	129 (13.45)	1	–	1	–
Mild activity	352 (31.10)	1150 (37.30)	375 (39.10)	1.11 (0.90–1.38)	–	1.37 (1.04–1.80)*	–
Moderate activity	330 (29.15)	824 (26.73)	268 (27.95)	0.85 (0.68–1.06)	–	1.05 (0.79–1.38)	–
Vigorous activity	284 (25.09)	622 (20.18)	187 (19.50)	0.75 (0.60–0.94)*	–	0.85 (0.63–1.14)	–
Living environment and retirement
Living area
Rural	898 (79.61)	2213 (72.08)	715 (74.87)	1	1	1	–
Urban	230 (20.39)	857 (27.92)	240 (25.13)	1.51 (1.28–1.78)***	1.36 (1.05–1.76)*	1.31 (1.07–1.61)*	–
Life satisfaction
Satisfied	356 (35.35)	1026 (37.07)	320 (37.43)	1	1	1	–
Somewhat satisfied	523 (51.94)	1436 (51.88)	427 (49.94)	0.95 (0.81–1.11)	0.84 (0.68–1.03)	0.91 (0.75–1.11)	–
Not satisfied	128 (12.71)	306 (11.05)	108 (12.63)	0.83 (0.65–1.05)	0.62 (0.46–0.84)*	0.94 (0.70–1.26)	–
Health education
No	508 (56.63)	1353 (43.87)	282 (29.41)	1	1	1	1
Yes	389 (43.37)	1731 (56.13)	677 (70.59)	1.67 (1.44–1.94)***	1.82 (1.51–2.20)***	3.14 (2.59–3.80)***	3.56 (2.80–4.53)***
Pension reliance
Children	685 (60.51)	1686 (54.79)	522 (54.49)	1	–	1	1
Savings or pension	371 (32.77)	1187 (38.58)	377 (39.35)	1.30 (1.12–1.51)***	–	1.33 (1.11–1.60)**	1.34 (1.02–1.76)*
Others	76 (6.71)	204 (6.63)	59 (6.16)	1.09 (0.83–1.44)	–	1.02 (0.71–1.46)	1.03 (0.64–1.66)

Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.