Learned Helplessness and Associated Factors Among Patients with Lung Cancer

Figures & data

Table 1 Description of General Data of Patients with Lung Cancer (N=237)

Projects	Classification	Number of Cases(n)	LH	Test Value	P
Age (years)	<64	160	52.01±11.20	−0.343^a	0.732
	≥65	77	52.55±11.26
Gender	Male	168	51.61±10.62	−1.162^a	0.248
	Female	69	53.59±12.46
Marital status	Married	221	51.79±10.82	2.212^b	0.162
	Divorced	9	51.33±10.01
	Widowed	7	65.71±16.89
Residence	Urban	163	50.97±10.57	−2.510^a	0.013
	Rural	74	54.86±12.10
Employment status	Employed	61	49.15±7.73	−3.050^a	0.003
	Unemployed	176	53.24±12.01
Educational level	Primary	72	54.76±12.82	1.740^b	0.166
	Middle school	99	50.81±9.89
	High School	46	51.98±11.04
	University	20	50.20±10.51
Annual income (Chinese yuan)	<20,000	62	54.19±11.15	2.016^b	0.112
	20,000–49,999	82	53.10±12.81
	50,000–100,000	60	49.90±8.68
	>100,000	33	50.30±10.47
Primary Caregiver	Children	46	52.76±11.37	1.727^b	0.187
	Spouse	164	52.24±11.56
	Relatives	5	53.60±11.80
	Caregiver	7	47.00±4.76
	Self-care	15	51.73±8.84
Genetic history	No	220	51.97±11.00	−1.053^a	0.293
	Yes	17	54.94±13.60
Course of disease (months)	<1	19	51.00±10.49	0.869^b	0.461
	1–6	85	52.92±12.27
	7–12	39	50.21±8.39
	>12	94	52.59±11.38
Pathological Type	SCLC	42	51.93±9.36	−0.164^a	0.870
	NSCLC	195	52.24±11.57
Pathological stage	I	28	47.32±6.09	1.101^b	0.326
	II~III	95	52.21±12.00
	IV	114	53.36±11.22
Tumor metastases	No	130	50.78±10.85	−2.151^a	0.032
	Yes	107	53.90±11.42

Notes: ^arepresents t-test; ^brepresents F-test.

Abbreviations: SCLC, Small Cell Lung Cancer; NSCLC, no- Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Table 2 Scores on Each Scale (N=237)

Scale	Dimension	Score
LH	Helplessness	39.69±8.95
	Hopelessness	12.49±2.82
	Total LH score	52.19±11.20
BIPQ	Disease cognition	26.72.±6.38
	Emotion	15.22±3.76
	Disease understanding	7.77 ±2.23
	Total BIPQ score	49.72±8.65
SUPPH	Self-decompression	32.19±9.35
	Self-decision-making	9.89±2.87
	Positive attitude	48.41±13.84
	Total SUPPH score	90.49±25.39
MCMQ	Confrontation	19.40 ±3.28
	Avoidance	14.88 ±2.63
	Resignation	10.69 ±2.01
RSES	–	30.80 ±4.91

Abbreviations: LH, learned helplessness; BIPQ, Brief illness perception questionnaire; SUPPH, Strategies Used by People to Promote Health questionnaire; MCMQ, Medical coping modes questionnaire; RSES, Rosenberg self-esteem scale.

Table 3 Correlation of LH with BIPQ and SUPPH and MCMQ and RSES (N=237)

Projects	LH		Helplessness		Hopelessness
	r	P	r	P	r	P
BIPQ	0.570	<0.001	0.541	<0.001	0.544	<0.001
SUPPH	−0.533	<0.001	−0.507	<0.001	−0.508	<0.001
Confrontation coping mode	−0.084	0.195	−0.900	0.167	−0.049	0.451
Avoidance coping mode	0.143	0.028	0.158	0.015	0.066	0.315
Resignation coping mode	0.555	<0.001	0.530	<0.001	0.523	<0.001
RSES	−0.478	<0.001	−0.448	<0.001	−0.476	<0.001

Abbreviations: BIPQ, Brief illness perception questionnaire; SUPPH, Strategies Used by People to Promote Health questionnaire; RSES, Rosenberg self-esteem scale.

Table 4 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis of Factors Influencing LH (N=237)

Independent Variable	B	Standard Error	β	t	P	VIF
Employment status	−1.575	1.379	−0.062	−1.142	0.255	1.186
Residence	1.584	1.283	0.066	1.235	0.218	1.154
Tumor metastases	0.675	1.146	0.030	0.589	0.557	1.061
BIPQ	0.322	0.091	0.249	3.530	0.001	2.022
SUPPH	−0.086	0.036	−0.194	−2.402	0.017	2.668
Avoidance coping mode	0.239	0.227	0.056	1.052	0.294	1.167
Resignation coping mode	1.483	0.380	0.267	3.898	<0.001	1.910
RSES	−0.066	0.170	−0.029	−0.388	0.698	2.259

Notes: R²=0.440, Adjust R²=0.420, F=23.088, P<0.001. Assignment of independent variables: Employment status: (Unemployed=0; Employed =1), Residence: (Urban =0; Rural =1), Tumor metastases: (No =0; Yes =1).

Abbreviations: BIPQ, Brief illness perception questionnaire; SUPPH, Strategies Used by People to Promote Health questionnaire; RSES, Rosenberg self-esteem scale.