Patient-Centered Positive Factors Influencing Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in China: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Data of Adolescents with T1DM in Cross-Sectional Study and Longitudinal Cohorts Study

Variables	Cross-Sectional Data (N=266)	Longitudinal Data (N=131)
		Baseline Visit	Follow-up	P
Age(years)	14.9±3.6	14.6±3.3	15.6±3.2	0.011
Duration of diabetes(years)	4.9±3.3	4.2±3.6	5.2±3.6	0.024
BMI (kg/m2)	19.6±3.9	19.7±2.6	20.0±2.6	0.370
Treatment regimens
Insulin pump	93(35.0%)	50(38.2%)	58(44.3%)	0.315
Multiple daily injections	173(65.0%)	81(61.8%)	73(55.7%)
Education
Elementary School	47(17.7%)	19(14.5%)	18(13.7%)	0.947
Junior School	48(18.0%)	27(20.6%)	27(20.6%)
High School	171(64.3%)	85(64.9%)	86(65.6%)
Family monthly income(yuan)
≤10,000	139(52.3%)	77(58.8%)	72(55.0%)	0.533
>10,000	127(47.7%)	54(41.2%)	59(45.0%)
Monthly diabetes costs(yuan)
<500	90(33.8%)	33(25.2%)	20(15.3%)	0.101
500–1000	76(28.6%)	44(33.6%)	44(33.6%)
>1000	100(37.6%)	54(41.2%)	67(51.1%)
Dwelling state
Living with families	238(89.5%)	128(97.7%)	121(92.4%)	0.123
Board at school	28(10.5%)	3(2.3%)	10(7.6%)
DBRS scores	0.59±0.19	0.61±0.16	0.65±0.16	0.029
DSTAR-Teen scores	40.81±10.90	39.31±11.24	41.18±10.30	0.161
HbA1c
<7.5% (58 mmol/mol)	131(49.2%)	68(51.9%)	53(40.5%)	0.063
≥7.5%(58 mmol/mol)	135(50.8%)	63(48.1%)	78(59.5%)

Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; BMI, Body mass index.

Table 2 Logistic Regression Results of Factors Influencing Glycemic Control (HbA1c < 7.5%) (N=266)

Parameter	β	OR	95% CI of OR	P
Treatment regimens
Insulin pen	Ref.
Insulin pump	0.900	2.460	1.306–4.631	0.005
Disease duration	−0.071	0.932	0.873–0.994	0.033
DSTAR-Teen scores	0.031	1.032	0.998–1.067	0.068
DBRS scores	2.593	13.366	2.621–68.151	0.002

Abbreviations: β, coefficient; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Table 3 Generalized Estimating Equation Results of Factors Influencing Glycemic Control (HbA1c < 7.5%) Over One Year Time (N=131)

Parameter	β	OR	95% CI of OR	P
Treatment regimens
Insulin pen	Ref.
Insulin pump	−0.156	0.856	0.045–1.807	0.683
Disease duration	0.109	1.019	0.922–1.126	0.714
DSTAR-Teen scores	0.050	1.051	1.011–1.093	0.012
DBRS scores	3.165	23.681	2.204–254.391	0.009

Abbreviations: β, coefficient; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.