Figures & data
Figure 1 Macroscopic calcification of bioprosthetic leaflet samples, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, with original magnification ×100. The two figures (A and B) show the morphology of calcification.
![Figure 1 Macroscopic calcification of bioprosthetic leaflet samples, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, with original magnification ×100. The two figures (A and B) show the morphology of calcification.](/cms/asset/91fabb6b-cd54-4ba8-bb79-9d5b9da312e5/dppa_a_76001_f0001_c.jpg)
Figure 2 Macroscopic calcification of bioprosthetic leaflet samples, stained with Van Gison, with original magnification ×100. The two panels (A and B) show the morphology of calcification.
![Figure 2 Macroscopic calcification of bioprosthetic leaflet samples, stained with Van Gison, with original magnification ×100. The two panels (A and B) show the morphology of calcification.](/cms/asset/2ee1829c-986a-4dd2-ada0-1e39be676a23/dppa_a_76001_f0002_c.jpg)
Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy. Large calcified lumps. Backscatter electron imaging. Scale bar −100 microns.
![Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy. Large calcified lumps. Backscatter electron imaging. Scale bar −100 microns.](/cms/asset/378692df-b82a-449a-a00b-4e594ecb236a/dppa_a_76001_f0003_b.jpg)
Figure 4 Scanning electron microscopy. Primary tissue degeneration with calcification. Backscatter electron imaging. Scale bar −200 microns.
![Figure 4 Scanning electron microscopy. Primary tissue degeneration with calcification. Backscatter electron imaging. Scale bar −200 microns.](/cms/asset/d63a74ca-a677-41a8-b13f-018178113a03/dppa_a_76001_f0004_b.jpg)
Figure 5 Scanning electron microscopy. Primary tissue degeneration with calcification. Secondary electron imaging. Scale bar −300 microns.
![Figure 5 Scanning electron microscopy. Primary tissue degeneration with calcification. Secondary electron imaging. Scale bar −300 microns.](/cms/asset/6fcbccf3-009b-4614-b638-bd6f461d0712/dppa_a_76001_f0005_b.jpg)
Figure 6 Micro-samples of bioprosthetic leaflet with endocarditis, stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Leuko-, lymphocytic infiltrates are visualized. Original magnification ×100. The two panels (A and B) show the morphology of calcification.
![Figure 6 Micro-samples of bioprosthetic leaflet with endocarditis, stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Leuko-, lymphocytic infiltrates are visualized. Original magnification ×100. The two panels (A and B) show the morphology of calcification.](/cms/asset/a7cfb601-b73c-4230-afd9-ee689808d8d0/dppa_a_76001_f0006_c.jpg)
Figure 7 Micro-samples of bioprosthetic leaflet with endocarditis, stained with Van Gison. Original magnification ×100.
![Figure 7 Micro-samples of bioprosthetic leaflet with endocarditis, stained with Van Gison. Original magnification ×100.](/cms/asset/d5bdb467-6fc3-480f-b8c8-a96462202a73/dppa_a_76001_f0007_c.jpg)
Figure 8 Scanning electron microscopy. Bacteria colonies in fibrin capsules. Secondary electron imaging. Scale bar −200 microns.
![Figure 8 Scanning electron microscopy. Bacteria colonies in fibrin capsules. Secondary electron imaging. Scale bar −200 microns.](/cms/asset/ce6bcbd5-3676-4c29-ad78-82b08a237e08/dppa_a_76001_f0008_b.jpg)
Figure 9 Micro-samples of bioprosthetic leaflet, stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Calcium deposits, leukocytic infiltrates and bacteria colonies are visualized. Original magnification ×400.
![Figure 9 Micro-samples of bioprosthetic leaflet, stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Calcium deposits, leukocytic infiltrates and bacteria colonies are visualized. Original magnification ×400.](/cms/asset/c1441081-ff14-47b5-a00a-550e685c48c7/dppa_a_76001_f0009_c.jpg)
Table 1 Types of dysfunction according to histological and electron microscopic studies of explanted bioprostheses
Table 2 Clinical data of xenoaortic valve recipients
Table 3 Indicators of calcium–phosphorus metabolism in xenoaortic valve recipients
Table 4 Nonspecific inflammatory markers in xenoaortic valves
Table 5 Correlations between calcium–phosphorus metabolism and nonspecific inflammatory markers