Effect of pharmaceutical care on medication adherence of patients newly prescribed insulin therapy: a randomized controlled study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow of participants through the study.

Table 1 Patients demographics and clinical characteristics at baseline

Demographic	Pharmaceutical care group (n=114)	Control group (n=113)	P-value
Age, mean ± SD (range), years	58.8±14.4	59.2±14.2	0.729
Sex, n (%)
Male	59 (51.8%)	57 (50.4%)	0.943
Female	55 (48.2%)	56 (49.5%)	0.955
Mean body mass index, kg/m^2 (SD)	25.1±1.8	24.7±1.5	0.632
A1c, % (SD)	9.66±2.7	9.57±2.2	0.755
Duration of diabetes (years, SD)	6.3±2.9	6.2±2.7	0.792
Educational status
Under diploma	4 (3.5%)	5 (4.4%)	0.932
Diploma	63 (55.2%)	59 (51.7%)	0.869
University	47 (41.2%)	49 (42.9%)	0.936
Mean number of complications
Retinopathy, n (%)	22 (19.3%)	18 (15.7%)	0.732
Neuropathy, n (%)	28 (24.5%)	24 (21.0%)	0.725
Nephropathy, n (%)	20 (17.5%)	22 (19.3%)	0.885
Cardiovascular disease, n (%)	44 (38.6%)	49 (42.9%)	0.792

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Adherence rates of patients newly prescribed insulin therapy

Adherence assessment	Pharmaceutical care group (n=114)			Control group (n=113)
	Baseline	After interventions	P	Baseline	After interventions	P
Morisky–Green test
Adherent, n (%)	58 (50.8%)	92 (80.7%)	<0.01	59 (52.2%)	66 (58.4%)	0.596
Nonadherent, n (%)	56 (49.1%)	22 (19.3%)	<0.01	54 (47.7%)	47 (41.6%)	0.528
Dispensed drug history
Adherent, n (%)	63 (55.2%)	95 (83.3%)	<0.01	64 (56.6%)	67 (59.3%)	0.584
Nonadherent, n (%)	51 (44.7%)	19 (16.7%)	<0.01	49 (43.3%)	46 (40.7%)	0.558

Table 3 Hospital admissions and HbA_1c, hypoglycemia, for patients during study period

Parameter	Pharmaceutical care group (n=114)	Control group (n=113)	P-value
No of admissions	22	44	<0.05
Patients admitted, n (%)
Once	17 (14.9%)	42 (37.2%)	<0.05
Twice	5 (4.4%)	14 (12.3%)	<0.05
Thrice	–	4 (3.5%)	–
HbA1c (%)	7.3±1.2	8.8±1.5	<0.05
HbA1c at CDS goal (% patients)	98 (85.9%)	62 (55.7%)	<0.05

Abbreviations: HbA_1c, hemoglobin A1c; CDS, Chinese Diabetes Society.