Who takes the medicine? Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of HIV-infected patients on ART and their association with treatment adherence in selected health facilities in Southern Ethiopia, 2014

Variable	Total, n	Incomplete adherence, n (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)
Total	974	122 (12.5)	–
Age in years (n=931)
15–24	59	8 (13.6)	2.7 (0.9, 7.4)
25–34	382	50 (13.1)	2.5 (1.2, 5.5)*
35–44	347	45 (13.0)	2.5 (1.2, 5.5)*
≥45	143	8 (5.6)	Ref
Sex (n=972)
Male	433	49 (11.3)	Ref
Female	539	73 (13.5)	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)
Place of residence (n=958)
Urban	774	95 (12.3)	Ref
Rural	184	25 (13.6)	1.1 (0.7, 1.8)
Educational status (n=969)
No formal education	593	65 (11.0)	Ref
Formal education	376	57 (15.2)	1.5 (1.0, 2.1)
Marital status (n=974)
Currently single	243	36 (14.8)	1.6 (1.03, 2.6)*
Currently married	546	53 (9.7)	Ref
Not recorded	185	33 (17.8)	2.02 (1.3, 3.2)*
Religion (n=972)
Protestant Christian	367	65 (17.7)	2.8 (1.3, 6.0)*
Non-Protestant	494	48 (9.7)	1.4 (0.6, 3.0)
Christiana
Muslim	111	8 (7.2)	Ref
Current alcohol use (n=966)
Yes	141	27 (19.1)	1.8 (1.2, 3.0)*
No	825	94 (11.4)	Ref
Chat chewing (n=931)
Current use	45	9 (20.0)	1.8 (0.8, 3.8)
Past use	106	15 (14.2)	1.2 (0.7, 2.1)
Never use	780	96 (12.3)	Ref

Notes:

a Includes Orthodox and Catholic Christians;

* statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; n, number; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference category.

Table 2 Health facility access, social support, and treatment characteristics of HIV-infected patients on ART and their association with treatment adherence in selected health facilities in Southern Ethiopia, June 2014

Characteristics	Total, n	Incomplete adherence, n (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)
Time to reach health facility (n=942)
<30 minutes	493	60 (12.2)	Ref
≥30 minutes	458	58 (12.7)	1.1 (0.7, 1.5)
Means of transport (n=960)
Walking or animal	423	48 (11.3)	Ref
Vehicle	537	71 (13.2)	1.2 (0.7, 1.8)
Assistance to remember medication (n=940)
Yes	701	89 (12.7)	1.0 (0.7, 1.6)
No	239	30 (12.6)	Ref
Membership in any HIV association (n=961)
Yes	222	41 (18.5)	1.8 (1.2, 2.8)*
No	739	81 (11.0)	Ref
Treatment duration, months
≤12	132	12 (9.1)	Ref
13–48	384	46 (12.0)	1.4 (0.7, 2.7)
≥48	443	64 (14.4)	1.7 (0.9, 3.2)
Treatment regimen
AZT based	434	54 (12.4)	Ref
TDF based	464	61 (13.1)	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)
Others	76	7 (9.2)	0.7 (0.3, 1.6)
Treatment dose per day
Twice daily	607	69 (11.4)	Ref
Once daily	367	53 (14.4)	1.3 (0.9, 1.9)

Note:

* Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; AZT, zidovudine; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference category; TDF, tenofovir.

Table 3 Psychosocial characteristics and level of knowledge of HIV-infected patients on ART and their association with treatment adherence in selected health facilities in Southern Ethiopia, June 2014

Characteristics	Total, n	Incomplete adherence, n (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)
Stigma (n=971)
Yes	477	54 (11.3)	Ref
No	466	64 (13.7)	1.3 (0.9, 1.8)
Depression (n=921)
No or minor depression	252	39 (15.5)	2.0 (0.9, 4.7)
Low depression	585	70 (12.0)	1.5 (0.7, 3.4)
High depression	84	7 (8.3)	Ref
Satisfaction to care (n=956)
Not satisfied or neutral	125	15 (12.0)	Ref
Satisfied	831	105 (12.6)	1.1 (0.6, 1.9)
ART knowledge (n=954)
Incomplete knowledge	716	87 (12.2)	Ref
Complete knowledge	238	32 (13.4)	1.1 (0.7, 1.7)

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; n, number; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference category.

Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with incomplete treatment adherence among HIV-infected patients on ART in selected health facilities in Southern Ethiopia, June 2014

Variables	AOR (95% CI)
Age in years
15–24	2.1 (0.7, 6.3)
25–34	2.3 (1.1, 5.1)*
35–44	2.2 (1.1, 5.0)*
≥45	Ref
Educational status
No formal education	Ref
Formal education	1.4 (1.0, 2.2)
Religion
Protestant Christian	3.1 (1.4, 4.1)*
Non-Protestant Christiana	1.5 (0.7, 3.3)
Muslim	Ref
Membership in any HIV association
Yes	1.8 (1.2, 2.8)*
No	Ref
Alcohol drinking
Yes	1.9 (1.2, 3.2)*
No	Ref
Marital status
Currently single	1.7 (1.03, 2.7)*
Currently married	Ref
Unknown	1.9 (1.2, 3.2)*
Treatment dose
Once per day	1.4 (0.9, 2.0)
Twice per day	Ref

Notes:

a Includes Orthodox and Catholic Christians;

* statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; AOR, adjusted OR; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference category.