Impact of overweight and obesity on the musculoskeletal system using lumbosacral angles

Figures & data

Figure 1 Measurement of geometric angles of the lumbosacral spine.

Notes: Lumbosacral angle (A). Sacral inclination angle (B). Lumbosacral disc angle (C). Lumbar lordosis angle (D).

Table 1 Frequency distribution of subjects by age groups

Age groups (years)	Frequency	Percentage
15–24	16	5.3
25–34	41	13.7
35–44	64	21.3
45–54	68	22.7
55–64	111	37.0
Total	300	100

Table 2 Distribution of subjects by BMI

BMI	Frequency	Percentage
Underweight	2	0.7
Normal	124	41.3
Overweight	108	36.0
Obese	66	22
Total	300	100

Notes: <18.5 kg/m², underweight; 18.5–24.9 kg/m², normal; 25–29.9 kg/m², overweight; >30 kg/m², obese; >40 kg/m², morbid obesity.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 3 Distribution of subjects by waist–hip ratio

Waist–hip ratio	Frequency	Percentage
<0.90	130	43.3
0.90–0.95	140	46.7
>0.96	30	10
Total	300	100

Table 4 Comparison of mean lumbosacral angles based on BMI of subjects

Lumbosacral angles	Male				Female
	Control group BMI (n=60)	Test group BMI (n=84)	t	P-value	Control group BMI (n=66)	Test group BMI (n=90)	t	P-value
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD			Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
LSA	34.5±7.0	39.5±9.6	−3.47	0.001	34.7±6.7	40.1±10.1	−3.59	0.001
LLA	37.3±9.5	41.2±11.9	−2.14	0.03	37.4±8.0	43.1±12.1	−3.03	0.003
SIA	35.9±8.3	39.3±12.1	−2.02	0.03	37.1±8.3	41.9±9.0	−3.22	0.001
LSDA	13.6±3.3	15.1±3.1	−2.32	0.01	13.5±3.1	14.7±3.4	−2.24	0.02

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; LSA, lumbosacral angle; LLA, lumbar lordosis angle; SIA, sacral inclination angle; LSDA, lumbosacral disc angle.

Table 5 Comparison of mean lumbosacral angles based on WHR of subjects

Lumbosacral angles	Male				Female
	WHR <0.90 (n=74)	WHR >0.90 (n=70)	t	P-value	WHR <0.90 (n=56)	WHR >0.90 (n=100)	t	P-value
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD			Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
LSA	35.5±6.5	39.0±10.0	−2.21	0.03	37.8±9.6	41.6±10.2	−2.35	0.003
LLA	37.5±8.7	41.8±11.0	−2.36	0.02	38.5±10.1	43.4±12.5	−3.12	0.001
SIA	37.6±8.1	40.8±8.7	−2.13	0.04	38.8±8.4	43.1±9.3	−2.81	0.002
LSDA	13.7±2.8	15.3±3.1	−2.86	0.005	13.7±2.7	15.2±3.1	−2.72	0.005

Abbreviations: WHR, waist–hip ratio; SD, standard deviation; LSA, lumbosacral angle; LLA, lumbar lordosis angle; SIA, sacral inclination angle; LSDA, lumbosacral disc angle.