Efficacy of ropivacaine by the concentration of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75% on surgical performance, postoperative analgesia, and patient’s satisfaction in inguinal hernioplasty: a randomized controlled trial

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and physical features of participants in groups

Groups	A	B	C
Sex, n (%)
Male	15 (75)	15 (75)	16 (80)
Female	5 (25)	5 (25)	4 (20)
ASA, n (%)
I	8 (40)	7 (35)	7 (35)
II	12 (60)	13 (65)	13 (65)
Age (years)	79.90±3.04	80.10±2.83	80.15±2.90

Abbreviation: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists.

Table 2 Clinical features and circulatory monitoring of participants in groups

Groups	A	B	C	P-value
Onset time	24.50±3.00a	19.25±2.20	14.75±1.45	10^−3
Requirement of tramadol (mg)	50.00±36.27b (n=15, 50–100 mg each)	2.50±11.18 (n=1, 50 mg each)	0	10^−3
Requirement of fentanyl (mg)	0.005±0.15b (n=2, 0.05 mg each)	0	0	0.13
Arterial pressure
Before operation	81.90±4.38b	82.25±3.42	81.30±3.13	0.713
5 minutes after operation started	84.50±4.73b	81.20±3.33	79.35±3.13
During hernia sac separation	85.15±4.93b	80.35±2.98	79.80±3.53
Postoperation	81.75±4.15b	82.10±3.21	81.15±2.96	0.685
Heart rate
Before operation	68.55±4.85b	68.40±4.92	68.55±4.78	0.994
5 minutes after operation started	76.00±6.10b	68.55±4.48	68.75±3.99	10^−3
During hernia sac separation	73.75±5.54b	68.85±4.30	68.20±4.25	0.001
Postoperation	69.10±4.01b	68.45±4.70	68.45±4.36	0.863

Notes:

a P<0.05 when compared with low-dose group B;

b P>0.05 when compared with group B. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation

Figure 1 Satisfactory and VAS score in study subjects.

Notes: (A) VAS scores of participants 12 hours after the operations in study subjects. (B) Satisfactory scores of participants 12 hours after the operations in study subjects. (C) Satisfactory scores of participants with or without abnormal skin sensation. N denotes patients with no abnormal skin sensation, Y denotes patients with abnormal skin sensation. (D) Reversed correlation of satisfactory score and VAS score. The scores from 60 patients were plotted where satisfactory score were analyzed as dependent variable and VAS score were considered as independent variable, P=0.001. Each diamond shaped plot stands for patient(s) that gave such score. Satisfactory levels are measured as 5=most satisfied and 0=not satisfied.
Abbreviation: VAS, Visual Analog Scale.