Factors associated with diet barriers in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographics characteristics, medical condition, and patient-centered variables of patients with poor glycemic control (n=246)

Variables	Poor glycemic control (n=246)
Sociodemographics characteristics
Male, n (%)	141 (57.32)
Age, M (SD)	58.90 (10.85)
Educational level, n (%)
Primary school	113 (45.93)
Senior high school	77 (31.30)
College or above	56 (22.77)
Monthly income, n (%)
<1,000 RMB	56 (22.76)
(1,000–3,000) RMB	133 (54.07)
>3,000 RMB	57 (23.17)
Medical condition
Experience of diabetes education talk, n (%)
Yes	118 (47.97)
No	128 (52.03)
Duration, M (SD)	9.68 (6.22)
Numbers of complications, n (%)
0	11 (4.47)
1–2	94 (38.21)
>2	141 (57.32)
Insulin use, n (%)
Yes	121 (49.19)
No	125 (50.81)
Patient-centered variables
Diet knowledge, M (SD)	2.33 (0.85)
Appraisal of diabetes, M (SD)	3.04 (0.75)
Empowerment, M (SD)	2.72 (0.84)

Note: Patients with poor glycemic control refers to patients with HbA_1c more than 7.5%.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; M, mean; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin.

Table 2 Diet barriers perceived by patients with poor glycemic control (n=246)

Eating problems when	Mean ± SD
… when feeling stressed, anxious, depressed, angry, or bored	1.28±0.92
… because of hunger or food cravings	2.19±1.63
… because family or friends tempt you or are not very supportive of your efforts to eat right	2.01±1.21
… when eating away from home (such as fast food, in restaurants, with relatives, or potluck meals)	2.79±1.82
… because you feel deprived due to trying to follow a diet	3.24±1.98
… because you feel discouraged due to lack of results (such as no weight loss, or high blood sugars)	2.02±1.38
… because you are too busy with family, work, or other responsibilities	2.05±1.70
Total	2.23±0.86

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Factors associated with diet barriers among patients with poor glycemic control

Variable	Model 1 adjusted coefficients (95% CI)	Model 2 adjusted coefficients (95% CI)	Model 3 adjusted coefficients (95% CI)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Sex (male as reference group)	−0.155* (−3.858, −0.090)	−0.156* (−3.839, −0.113)	−0.122 (−3.164, 0.065)
Age	−0.270*** (−0.248, −0.074)	−0.169* (−0.198, −0.003)	−0.071 (−0.128, 0.044)
Educational level	−0.127 (−1.597, 0.182)	−0.127 (−1.595, 0.173)	−0.087 (−1.250, 0.283)
Income level	−0.008 (−0.935, 0.844)	0.005 (−0.853, 0.908)	0.132 (−0.046, 1.548)
Medical condition
Experience of diabetes education talk (reference is yes)	–	−0.137 (−3.533, 0.113)	−0.031 (−1.990, 1.222)
Diabetes duration	–	−0.168 (−0.332, 0.000)	−0.126 (−0.273, 0.023)
Numbers of complication	–	0.012 (−0.617, 0.722)	−0.017 (−0.654, 0.512)
Insulin use (insulin use as reference group)	–	0.016 (−1.669, 2.057)	0.023 (−1.347, 1.926)
Patient-centered variables
Diet knowledge	–	–	−0.282*** (−0.341, −0.120)
Appraisal of diabetes	–	–	0.225** (0.093, 0.443)
Empowerment level	–	–	−0.190* (−0.317, −0.035)
Adjusted R^2	0.083	0.108	0.338
R^2 change	0.104	0.045	0.231
F-test, df	5.017, 4	3.691, 8	9.227, 11
P-value	0.001	0.001	<0.001

Notes:

* P<0.05;

** P<0.01;

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; df, degree of freedom.