A review of immediacy and implications for provider–patient relationships to support medication management

Figures & data

Figure 1 Number of studies included in this review and measures of immediacy.

Table 1 Examples of non-verbal and verbal immediacy behaviors

Non-verbal immediacy behaviors	Verbal immediacy behaviors
Touch	Use of pronouns such as “you” and “we”
Proximity	Use of personal names
Eye contact	Verbal empathy
Tone of voice
Hand gestures
Facial expressions

Table 2 Contextual influences (not mutually exclusive)

Type of relationship	Number of studies
Student–teacher^Citation8,Citation14,Citation16^–^Citation19,Citation21,Citation23^–^Citation31,Citation33,Citation38^–^Citation46,Citation49^–^Citation57,Citation60,Citation62,Citation63,Citation65^–^Citation70,Citation72,Citation73,Citation75,Citation76,Citation84^–^Citation141	106
Online/web-based^Citation16,Citation19,Citation40,Citation41,Citation56,Citation72,Citation87,Citation93,Citation95,Citation109,Citation126,Citation127,Citation130,Citation142	14
Graduate student; teacher or advisee^Citation19,Citation40,Citation41,Citation56,Citation87,Citation127,Citation130,Citation143	8
Powerful; authority^Citation42,Citation75,Citation97,Citation98,Citation108,Citation140,Citation141	7
Social, peer (roommate and student inter-relationships)^Citation32,Citation38,Citation144^–^Citation147	6
Counselor–client^Citation74,Citation77,Citation80,Citation148,Citation149	5
Supervisor–subordinate^Citation10,Citation12,Citation70,Citation141,Citation150	5
Intimate partner^Citation32,Citation34,Citation70,Citation151	4
Teacher assistant/student tutors^Citation58,Citation73,Citation139,Citation152	4
Human–computer interaction^Citation126,Citation130,Citation138,Citation153	4
Provider/physician–patient^Citation20,Citation154	2
Military student–teacher^Citation93	1
Coach–athlete^Citation61	1
Librarian–library users^Citation37	1

Table 3 Consequences of immediacy

Consequences
Affective learning^Citation14,Citation17,Citation23,Citation24,Citation30,Citation31,Citation39^–^Citation42,Citation51,Citation52,Citation55,Citation58,Citation60,Citation69,Citation76,Citation86,Citation90,Citation91,Citation105^–^Citation107,Citation121,Citation125,Citation128,Citation129,Citation131,Citation134,Citation136^–^Citation138
Cognitive learning^Citation24,Citation31,Citation39,Citation40,Citation42,Citation51,Citation53,Citation55,Citation56,Citation58,Citation60,Citation64,Citation86,Citation90,Citation91,Citation93,Citation101,Citation103,Citation104,Citation107,Citation109^–^Citation111,Citation121^–^Citation123,Citation128,Citation131, ^Citation134,Citation136,Citation152
Behavioral learning^Citation18,Citation51,Citation55,Citation57,Citation60,Citation86
Motivation^Citation12,Citation21,Citation23,Citation30,Citation40,Citation43,Citation44,Citation63,Citation65,Citation84,Citation90,Citation91,Citation93,Citation110,Citation119,Citation131,Citation136
Recall^Citation33,Citation91,Citation99,Citation103,Citation118,Citation121
Satisfaction^Citation12,Citation20,Citation28,Citation29,Citation31,Citation32,Citation37,Citation38,Citation40,Citation52^–^Citation54,Citation56^–^Citation58,Citation61,Citation64,Citation65,Citation73,Citation85,Citation88,Citation90,Citation91,Citation108,Citation116,Citation141
Self-efficacy^Citation37,Citation46,Citation62,Citation93

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