Effectiveness of stress management in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate

Figures & data

Table 1 General information of patients participating in the stress management study

Variables	Control group n=41, n (%)	Experimental group n=41, n (%)	χ^2/^t	P-value
Marital status
Unmarried	1 (2.4)	3 (7.3)	1.229a	0.805
Married	39 (95.1)	37 (90.2)
Divorced	1 (2.4)	1 (2.4)
Listened to music
No	20 (48.8)	15 (36.6)	1.246	0.264
Yes	21 (51.2)	26 (63.4)
Music genre
Light music	8 (38.1)	6 (23.1)	3.873a	0.882
Classical	2 (9.5)	5 (19.2)
Pop (Western)	1 (4.8)	1 (3.8)
Pop (Mandarin)	1 (4.8)	1 (3.8)
Pop (Taiwanese)	2 (9.5)	2 (7.7)
Oldie (Mandarin)	0 (0)	2 (7.7)
Oldie (Taiwanese)	3 (14.3)	5 (19.2)
Other	4 (19)	4 (15.4)
Exercise
No	12 (29.3)	9 (22)	0.576	0.448
Yes	29 (70.7)	32 (78)
Accompanied
Self	9 (22)	13 (31.7)	3.773a	0.279
Spouse	26 (63.4)	18 (43.9)
Children	3 (7.3)	7 (17.1)
Other	3 (7.3)	3 (7.3)
Caregiver
Self	8 (19.5)	18 (43.9)	5.909a	0.091
Spouse	27 (65.9)	20 (48.8)
Children	4 (9.8)	2 (4.9)
Other	2 (4.9)	1 (2.4)
Comorbidity
No	26 (63.4)	33 (80.5)	2.961	0.085
Yes	15 (36.6)	8 (19.5)

Note:

a Fisher’s exact test.

Table 2 General information of all the subjects and in the two groups

Variables	Control group (n=41)	Experimental group (n=41)	Total (n=82)	t	P-value
	M ± SD (max, min)	M ± SD (max, min)	M ± SD (max, min)
Age (years)	71.9±9.11 (87, 52)	72.07±9.51 (90, 47)	71.99±9.25 (90, 47)	−0.083	0.934
PSA (ng/dL)	22.08±59.05 (36.6, 4.07)	10.28±8.26 (35.57, 3.5)	16.18±42.32 (36.6, 3.5)	1.267	0.212
Prostate (cm^3)	50.8±21.75 (98.7, 4.5)	59.17±26.11 (138, 21.1)	54.98±24.25 (138, 4.5)	−1.577	0.119
Operation time (minutes)	7.39±1.79 (14, 4)	7.29±1.49 (12, 5)	7.34±1.63 (14, 4)	0.269	0.789
Music time (minutes)	0±0 (0, 0)	15.17±3.35 (25, 10)
Number of biopsies	10.54±1.03 (13, 8)	10.29±0.72 (12, 10)	10.41±0.89 (13, 8)	1.248	0.216

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; max, maximum; min, minimum; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Table 3 Comparisons between the experimental and control group, pre- and posttest

Parameters	Control group (n=41)	P-value	Experimental group (n=41)	P-value	All samples (n=82)	P-value
	(M ± SD)		(M ± SD)		(M ± SD)
Pain score
Pretest	0.46±0.81		1.17±1.2		0.82±1.08	0.002b,**
Posttest	3.41±2.55		2.49±2.46		2.95±2.53	0.098b
Changes	2.95±2.49	0.000a,***	1.32±2.56	0.002a,**	2.13±2.64	0.004b,**
Systolic pressure
Pretest	133.88±16.07		134.71±16.39		134.29±16.13	0.818b
Posttest	153.39±22.58		145.49±26.29		149.44±24.67	0.148b
Changes	19.51±22.98	0.000a,***	10.78±30.05	0.027a,*	15.15±26.95	0.143b
Diastolic pressure
Pretest	79.05±10.25		80.17±12.52		79.61±11.39	0.658b
Posttest	98.44±19.48		90.51±18.07		94.48±19.10	0.060b
Changes	19.39±20.34	0.000a,***	10.34±19.72	0.002a,**	14.87±20.42	0.044b,*
Heart rate
Pretest	78.93±8.9		74.78±12.34		76.85±10.89	0.085b
Posttest	73.93±13.39		69.34±15.18		71.63±14.41	0.151b
Changes	−5.00±12.1	0.012a,*	−5.44±17.64	0.055a	−5.22±15.04	0.896b
Breathing
Pretest	18.98±1.52		18.88±1.72		18.93±1.62	0.787b
Posttest	19.59±5.07		18.83±4.16		19.21±4.63	0.463b
Changes	0.61±5.24	0.461a	−0.05±4.43	0.944a	0.28±4.84	0.541b
Anxiety score
Pretest	35.49±9.68		32.83±7.91		34.16±8.88	0.177b
Posttest	34.12±10.54		27.9±6.52		31.01±9.25	0.002b,**
Changes	−1.37±7.33	0.240a	−4.93±6.73	0.000a,***	−3.15±7.22	0.025b,*

Notes:

* P<0.5,

** P<0.01, and

*** P<0.001.

a Paired t-test.

b Independent t-test.

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation.

Table 4 Generalized estimating equation (GEE)

Parameters	Pain		Anxiety		Systolic pressure		Diastolic pressure		Heart rate		Breathing rate
	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE	Estimate	SE
Intercept	0.46***	0.12	35.49***	1.49	133.88***	2.48	79.05***	1.58	78.93***	1.37	18.98***	0.24
Control time
Posttest vs pretest	2.95***	0.38	−1.37	1.13	19.51**	3.55	19.39***	3.14	−5.00**	1.87	0.61	0.81
Control group
Experiment vs control	0.71***	0.22	−2.66	1.93	0.83	3.54	1.12	2.50	−4.15	2.35	−0.1	0.35
Interaction
Experiment × posttest	−1.63**	0.55	−3.56*	1.54	−8.73	5.84	−9.05*	4.37	−0.44	3.30	−0.66	1.06

Notes:

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01,

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.