Figures & data
Figure 1 Conceptual understanding of disruptive behavior disorders.
Figure 2 Etiopathogenesis of ODD.
Note: Shared genetic and environmental factors with other externalizing disorders or traits and also the role of gene–environment (G–E) interaction in pathogenesis.
Abbreviations: ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; CD, conduct disorder; SUD, substance-use disorder; uVNTR, upstream variable number tandem repeat; GWAS, genome-wide association study; WES, whole-exome sequencing; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
Abbreviations: ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; CD, conduct disorder; SUD, substance-use disorder; uVNTR, upstream variable number tandem repeat; GWAS, genome-wide association study; WES, whole-exome sequencing; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
