Stress and its predictors in pregnant women: a study in Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Differences in perceived stress by sociodemographic and clinical data (N=438)

Factors	Levels	n	%	Mean	SD	P-value
Age	<37 years	365	83.7	18.8	5.2	0.273
	≥37 years	71	16.3	18.0	5.9
Education level	High school or less	194	44.7	18.7	5.9	0.782
	University or higher	240	55.3	18.6	4.9
Employment status	Employed	110	25.3	18.7	5.1	0.806
	Unemployed	325	74.7	18.6	5.4
Income	<5,000 SR	121	28.5	19.5	5.3	0.037*
	≥5,000 SR	304	71.5	18.3	5.2
Number of children	None	89	20.5	19.2	4.5	0.228
	1 to 2	183	42.1	18.9	5.3
	3 children or more	163	37.5	18.1	5.8
Pregnancy trimester	1st trimester	43	10.0	18.6	6.2	0.911
	2nd trimester	136	31.7	18.8	5.6
	3rd trimester	250	58.3	18.6	4.9
Chronic disease	Yes	38	8.7	20.9	4.6	0.005*
	No	400	91.3	18.4	5.4
Sleep deprivation	Yes	170	39.6	19.9	5.6	0.001*
	No	259	60.4	17.8	5.0
Regular eating pattern	Yes	236	55.1	17.9	5.2	0.001*
	No	192	44.9	19.6	5.3
Frequency of teeth brushing	None	17	3.9	21.9	7.4	0.014*
	Once/day	159	36.3	18.9	5.1
	Twice or more/day	262	59.8	18.2	5.3
Family support	Yes	366	84.5	18.5	5.0	0.028*
	No	67	15.5	19.5	6.8
Gestational diabetes	Yes	83	19.3	20.1	5.3	0.005*
	No	347	80.7	18.3	5.3
Dry mouth	Yes	242	56.7	19.6	5.2	0.001*
	No	185	43.3	17.4	5.3
Mouth malodor	Yes	144	33.0	19.9	5.4	0.001*
	No	292	67.0	18.0	5.2
Vomiting	Yes	236	55.0	19.3	5.3	0.013*
	No	193	45.0	18.0	5.3
Gingival redness	Yes	124	28.9	19.7	5.0	0.007*
	No	305	71.1	18.2	5.4
Gingival bleeding	Yes	242	55.8	19.1	5.4	0.033*
	No	192	44.2	18.0	5.2
Dental caries	Yes	151	35.0	19.6	5.0	0.008*
	No	281	65.0	18.1	5.4
Dental pain	Yes	153	35.3	19.9	4.6	0.001*
	No	280	64.7	17.9	5.6

Note:

* Independent sample t-test is significant at α=0.05.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SR, Saudi Riyal.

Table 2 Multivariate predictors of perceived stress

Factors	β	SE	95% CI		Hypothesis test
			Lower	Upper	Wald Chi-square	P-value
(Intercept)	15.1	1.18	12.82	17.43	165.30	0.001
Age <37 years	0.6	0.77	−0.88	2.15	0.68	0.410
High school or less	−0.1	0.53	−1.14	0.93	0.04	0.840
Income <5,000 SR	0.7	0.60	−0.48	1.89	1.35	0.245
Number of children – none	1.1	0.76	−0.41	2.58	2.02	0.155
Number of children – 1 to 2	0.4	0.65	−0.89	1.66	0.35	0.556
1st trimester	−0.2	0.86	−1.93	1.45	0.08	0.778
2nd trimester	0.2	0.56	−0.87	1.34	0.17	0.676
Chronic disease	2.4	0.85	0.69	4.04	7.69	0.006*
Sleep deprivation	2.1	0.56	0.97	3.15	13.69	0.001*
Regular eating pattern	−0.9	0.54	−1.95	0.16	2.79	0.095
Frequency of teeth brushing – none	3.6	1.44	0.78	6.41	6.25	0.012*
Frequency of teeth brushing – once/day	0.5	0.55	−0.53	1.61	0.97	0.325
Family support	−0.3	0.73	−1.76	1.11	0.20	0.653
Gestational diabetes	1.4	0.66	0.10	2.70	4.44	0.035*
Dry mouth	0.9	0.55	−0.18	1.99	2.67	0.102
Mouth malodor	0.2	0.61	−0.98	1.40	0.12	0.729
Vomiting	0.3	0.53	−0.72	1.35	0.36	0.551
Gingival redness	1.4	0.63	0.17	2.64	4.98	0.026*
Gingival bleeding	0.4	0.55	−0.70	1.46	0.48	0.490
Dental caries	0.5	0.61	−0.71	1.68	0.64	0.423
Dental pain	0.3	0.64	−0.97	1.53	0.19	0.661

Note:

* Adjusting for other predictors in model, predictor is significant at α=0.05.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; SR, Saudi Riyal.