A naturalistic study on the relationship among resilient factors, psychiatric symptoms, and psychosocial functioning in a sample of residential patients with psychosis

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the sample (N=122)

Gender (male/female)	82/40
Age (years, mean SD)	48.8±11.8
Education (years, mean SD)	10.1±2.8
Age at first psychotic episode (years, mean SD)	25.5±7.1
History of disease (years, mean SD)	23.1±10.6
Diagnosis (schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder)	94/28

Table 2 Data on resilience, psychopathology, and psychosocial functioning

	Mean	Min/max
RSA total score	109.8	49/153
RSA perception of self	19.64.9	8/30
RSA perception of the future	11.2	4/20
RSA structured style	13.1	7/20
RSA social competence	20.5	9/30
RSA family cohesion	26.3	11/35
RSA social resources	19.1	6/30
BPRS-A total score	48.3	28/89
SANS total score	62.3	5/141
SAPS total score	26.4	0/69
LSP total score	120.3	82/143

Abbreviations: RSA, Resilience Scale for Adults; BPRS-A, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Anchored version; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; LSP, Life Skills Profile; min, minimum; max, maximum.

Table 3 Independent t-test between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

	Group A (schizophrenia) (N=94)		Group B (schizoaffective disorder) (N=28)		p
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t	df	Sig (2-tail)
RSA total score	110.49	18.925	107.57	26.796	0.538	35.392	0.594
RSA perception of self	20.23	4.948	17.29	4.081	3.188	52.876	0.062
RSA perception of the future	11.43	3.772	10.36	4.365	1.171	39.774	0.248
RSA structured style	13.06	3.072	13.36	3.165	−0.433	43.292	0.667
RSA social competence	20.96	4.925	19.00	6.896	1.399	35.589	0.170
RSA social support	26.21	5.491	26.71	7.358	−0.334	36.409	0.740
RSA family cohesion	18.60	6.137	20.86	7.179	−1.511	39.492	0.139
BPRS-A total score	51.93	17.965	47.17	10.632	−1.334	32.824	0.191
SANS total score	52.57	14.477	65.21	28.337	3.158	89.828	0.062
SAPS total score	34.00	19.634	24.17	18.331	−2.360	42.019	0.073
LSP total score	118.07	16.328	121.00	11.435	0.887	35.247	0.381

Abbreviations: RSA, Resilience Scale for Adults; BPRS-A, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Anchored version; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; LSP, Life Skills Profile; df, degrees of freedom; Sig, statistical significance.

Table 4 Partial correlations between resilience, symptomatology, and psychosocial functioning

		BPRS-A total score (contr var: SANS-SAPS-LSP)	SANS total score (contr var: BPRS-A-SAPS-LSP)	SAPS total score (contr var: BPRS-A-SANS-LSP)	LSP total score (contr var: BPRS-A-SANS-SAPS)
RSA total score	Correlation	−0.387***	0.220*	0.170	0.149
	Sig (2 tails)	<0.0001	0.016	0.065	0.105
RSA perception of self	Correlation	−0.448***	0.168	0.057	−0.111
	Sig (2 tails)	<0.0001	0.068	0.539	0.228
RSA perception of the future	Correlation	−0.408***	0.050	0.062	−0.145
	Sig (2 tails)	<0.0001	0.588	0.505	0.115
RSA structured style	Correlation	−0.292***	0.107	0.084	0.054
	Sig (2 tails)	0.001	0.247	0.366	0.558
RSA social competence	Correlation	−0.202*	0.114	0.058	0.114
	Sig (2 tails)	0.027	0.215	0.528	0.215
RSA social resources	Correlation	−0.219*	0.151	0.147	0.198*
	Sig (2 tails)	0.017	0.102	0.111	0.031
RSA family cohesion	Correlation	−0.102	0.224*	0.204*	0.291***
	Sig (2 tails)	0.271	0.014	0.026	0.001
		BPRS-A total score (contr var: SANS-SAPS-RSA)	SANS total score (contr var: BPRS-A-SAPS-RSA)	SAPS total score (contr var: BPRS-A-SANS-RSA)
LSP total score	Correlation	−0.386***	−0.321***	−0.163
	Sig (2 tails)	0.000	0.000	0.076

Note:

*** p≤0.001; and

* p≤0.05.

Abbreviations: RSA, Resilience Scale for Adults; BPRS-A, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Anchored version; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; LSP, Life Skills Profile; contr var, control variables; Sig, statistical significance.

Table 5 Hierarchical linear regression with psychotic symptomatology and psychosocial functioning

	Predictors	Dependent variable	R	R^Citation2	F	Beta	SEM
Model 1A	RSA perception of self	BPRS-A	0.482	0.232	36.2***	−0.482***	0.208
Model 1B	RSA perception of self RSA structured style	BPRS-A	0.536	0.287	23.9***	−0.397*** −0.250***	0.248 0.311
Model 1C	RSA perception of self RSA structured style RSA perception of the future	BPRS-A	0.561	0.315	18.1***	−0.285*** −0.235** −0.205****	0.249 0.302 0.336
Model 2	RSA social resources	LSP	0.334	0.112	15.0***	0.334***	0.184

Note:

*** p≤0.001; and

** p ≤0.01.

Abbreviations: RSA, Resilience Scale for Adults; BPRS-A, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Anchored version; LSP, Life Skills Profile; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Table 6 Multiple linear regression and calculation of direct, mediated, and total effect of resilience factors and psychopathology on psychosocial functioning

Predictor	Mediator	Dependent variable	Predictor’s effect on mediator		Predictor’s and mediator’s effect on dependent variable		Direct effect	Mediated effect	Total effect
			B	Beta	B	Beta
BPRS-A	–	LSP	–	–	−0.656	−0.656***	–	–	−0.656
BPRS-A	RSA perception of self	LSP	−0.185	−0.482***	−0.722 −0.370	−0.725*** −0.143	−0.722	0.068	−0.656
BPRS-A	RSA perception of future	LSP	−0.131	−0.426***	−0.713 −0.455	−0.716*** −0.141	−0.713	0.059	−0.654
BPRS-A	RSA structured style	LSP	−0.093	−0.384***	−0.647 0.072	−0.650*** 0.018	−0.647	−0.006	−0.653
BPRS-A	RSA social competence	LSP	−0.138	−0.321***	−0.632 0.154	−0.635*** 0.066	−0.632	−0.021	−0.653
BPRS-A	RSA social resources	LSP	−0.158	−0.340***	−0.611 0.267	−0.614*** 0.125	−0.611	−0.042	−0.653
BPRS-A	RSA family cohesion	LSP	−0.101	−0.201*	−0.618 0.347	−0.621*** 0.176*	−0.618	−0.035	−0.653

Note:

*** p≤0.001; and

* p≤0.05.

Abbreviations: BPRS-A, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Anchored version; LSP, Life Skills Profile; RSA, Resilience Scale for Adults.

GalderisiSRossiARoccaPItalian Network For Research on PsychosesThe influence of illness-related variables, personal resources and context-related factors on real-life functioning of people with schizophreniaWorld Psychiatry201413327528725273301

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