Domain-specific and total sedentary behaviors associated with psychological distress in older adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Basic descriptive statistics of the study participants, Croatia (2018)

Study variables	Total sample (N=810)	“Low” psychological distress (N=610)	“High” psychological distress (N=200)	P-value
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Screen-time
Quartile 1 (lowest)	249 (30.7)	169 (27.7)	80 (40.0)
Quartile 2	167 (20.6)	119 (19.5)	48 (24.0)
Quartile 3	204 (25.2)	168 (27.5)	36 (18.0)
Quartile 4 (highest)	190 (23.5)	154 (25.2)	36 (18.0)	<0.001
Leisure-time
Quartile 1 (lowest)	247 (30.5)	169 (27.7)	78 (39.0)
Quartile 2	144 (17.8)	105 (17.2)	39 (19.5)
Quartile 3	216 (26.7)	157 (25.7)	59 (29.5)
Quartile 4 (highest)	203 (25.1)	179 (29.3)	24 (12.0)	<0.001
Transport
Quartile 1 (lowest)	360 (44.4)	272 (44.6)	88 (44.0)
Quartile 2	49 (5.9)	32 (5.2)	16 (8.0)
Quartile 3	228 (28.1)	176 (28.9)	52 (26.0)
Quartile 4 (highest)	174 (21.5)	130 (21.3)	44 (22.0)	0.492
Total
Quartile 1 (lowest)	200 (24.7)	138 (22.6)	62 (31.0)
Quartile 2	221 (27.3)	155 (25.4)	66 (33.0)
Quartile 3	198 (24.4)	160 (26.2)	38 (19.0)
Quartile 4 (highest)	191 (23.6)	157 (25.7)	34 (17.0)	<0.001
Sex
Men	132 (16.3)	84 (13.8)	48 (24.0)
Women	678 (83.7)	526 (86.2)	152 (76.0)	<0.001
Body mass index
Normal	298 (36.8)	234 (38.4)	64 (32.0)
Overweight/obese	512 (63.2)	376 (61.6)	136 (68.0)	0.109
Sleep quality
Good	302 (37.3)	188 (30.8)	114 (57.0)
Poor	508 (62.7)	422 (69.2)	86 (43.0)	<0.001
Self-rated health
Good	396 (48.8)	336 (54.9)	60 (30.0)
Poor	414 (51.2)	274 (45.1)	140 (70.0)	<0.001
Material status
Middle–high	132 (16.3)	514 (84.3)	164 (82.0)
Low	678 (83.7)	96 (15.7)	36 (18.0)	0.442
Physical activity
Sufficient	180 (22.2)	153 (25.1)	27 (13.5)
Insufficient	630 (77.8)	457 (74.9)	173 (86.5)	<0.001
Elderly Diet Index
Moderate–high	144 (17.8)	130 (21.3)	14 (7.0)
Low	666 (82.2)	480 (78.7)	186 (93.0)	<0.001
Chronic diseases
No	280 (34.6)	212 (34.8)	68 (34.0)
Yes	530 (65.4)	398 (65.2)	132 (66.0)	0.864

Table 2 Correlation analysis between the study variables

Study variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
Psychological distress (1)	1
Screen-time (2)	−0.14^c	1
Leisure-time (3)	−0.16^c	0.41^c	1
Transport (4)	−0.01	0.01	0.05	1
Total (5)	−0.13^c	0.66^c	0.81^c	0.27^c	1
Sex (6)	−0.12^c	0.02	0.15^c	0.02	0.08^a	1
Body mass index (7)	0.06	−0.01	0.01	−0.07^a	0.03	−0.16^c	1
Sleep quality (8)	−0.23^c	0.08^a	0.04	0.21^c	0.07^a	0.06	0.01	1
Self-rated health (9)	−0.21^c	0.02	−0.02	0.05	−0.08^a	0.01	−0.04	0.32^c	1
Material status (10)	−0.03	0.11^b	0.08^a	0.06	0.10^b	−0.09^b	−0.01	0.12^c	0.16^c	1
Physical activity (11)	−0.12^c	0.16^c	0.15^c	0.10^b	0.14^c	0.13^c	−0.05	0.14^c	0.13^c	−0.18^c	1
Elderly Diet Index (12)	−0.16^c	0.08^a	0.06	0.17^c	0.08^a	−0.02	−0.15^c	−0.07^a	0.15^c	−0.07^a	0.24^c	1
Chronic diseases (13)	−0.01	−0.11^b	−0.12^c	0.08^a	−0.11^b	−0.11^b	−0.17^c	0.16^c	0.22^c	0.08^a	−0.04	0.03	1

Note: ^aP<0.05; ^bP<0.01; ^cP<0.001.

Table 3 Non-adjusted estimates between domain-specific (screen-time, leisure-time and transport) and total sedentary behavior with “high” psychological distress in the study participants, Croatia (2018)

Study variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)
Screen-time
Quartile 1 (lowest)	Ref.
Quartile 2	0.97 (0.96–0.99)^a
Quartile 3	0.89 (0.89–0.89)^c
Quartile 4 (highest)	0.90 (0.84–0.96)^b
Leisure-time
Quartile 1 (lowest)		Ref.
Quartile 2		0.97 (0.82–1.14)
Quartile 3		0.97 (0.82–1.06)
Quartile 4 (highest)		0.85 (0.84–0.86)^c
Transport
Quartile 1 (lowest)			Ref.
Quartile 2			1.07 (0.92–1.25)
Quartile 3			0.99 (0.95–1.02)
Quartile 4 (highest)			1.00 (0.98–1.02)
Total
Quartile 1 (lowest)				Ref.
Quartile 2				0.99 (0.88–1.12)
Quartile 3				0.91 (0.91–0.91)^c
Quartile 4 (highest)				0.90 (0.77–1.00)^a
Sex
Men	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Women	0.90 (0.90–0.90)^c	0.90 (0.90–0.90)^c	0.90 (0.90–0.90)^c	0.90 (0.90–0.90)^c
Body mass index
Normal	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Overweight/obese	1.04 (1.01–1.08)^a	1.04 (1.01–1.08)^a	1.04 (1.01–1.08)^a	1.04 (1.01–1.08)^a
Sleep quality
Good	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Poor	1.18 (1.17–1.18)^c	1.18 (1.17–1.18)^c	1.18 (1.17–1.18)^c	1.18 (1.17–1.18)^c
Self-rated health
Good	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Poor	1.16 (1.08–1.25)^c	1.16 (1.08–1.25)^c	1.16 (1.08–1.25)^c	1.16 (1.08–1.25)^c
Material status
Middle–high	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Low	1.02 (0.99–1.06)	1.02 (0.99–1.06)	1.02 (0.99–1.06)	1.02 (0.99–1.06)
Physical activity
Sufficient	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Insufficient	1.11 (1.08–1.13)^c	1.11 (1.08–1.13)^c	1.11 (1.08–1.13)^c	1.11 (1.08–1.13)^c
Elderly Diet Index
Moderate–high	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Low	1.17 (1.14–1.19)^c	1.17 (1.14–1.19)^c	1.17 (1.14–1.19)^c	1.17 (1.14–1.19)^c
Chronic diseases
No	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	0.99 (0.94–1.05)	0.99 (0.94–1.05)	0.99 (0.94–1.05)	0.99 (0.94–1.05)

Notes: Each variable was put separately into the models. ^aP<0.05; ^bP<0.01; ^cP<0.001.

Table 4 Adjusted estimates between domain-specific (screen-time, leisure-time and transport) and total sedentary behavior with “high” psychological distress in the study participants, Croatia (2018)

Study variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)	RR (95% CI)
Screen-time
Quartile 1 (lowest)	Ref.
Quartile 2	0.95 (0.90–1.00)^a
Quartile 3	0.92 (0.90–0.95)^c
Quartile 4 (highest)	0.92 (0.89–0.95)^c
Leisure-time
Quartile 1 (lowest)		Ref.
Quartile 2		0.98 (0.83–1.15)
Quartile 3		0.97 (0.90–1.05)
Quartile 4 (highest)		0.88 (0.87–0.89)^c
Transport
Quartile 1 (lowest)			Ref.
Quartile 2			1.02 (0.92–1.13)
Quartile 3			1.02 (0.99–1.06)
Quartile 4 (highest)			1.08 (1.05–1.11)^c
Total
Quartile 1 (lowest)				Ref.
Quartile 2				1.00 (0.94–1.07)
Quartile 3				0.93 (0.93–0.93)^c
Quartile 4 (highest)				0.92 (0.85–0.99)^a
Sex
Men	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Women	0.92 (0.91–0.93)^c	0.93 (0.90–0.95)^c	0.91 (0.91–0.92)^c	0.92 (0.92–0.93)^c
Body mass index
Normal	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Overweight/obese	1.01 (1.01–1.02)^c	1.02 (1.02–1.03)^c	1.02 (1.01–1.03)^c	1.02 (1.01–1.03)^c
Sleep quality
Good	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Poor	1.14 (1.12–1.16)^c	1.14 (1.11–1.17)^c	1.16 (1.14–1.18)^c	1.14 (1.14–1.15)^c
Self-rated health
Good	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Poor	1.10 (1.02–1.19)^b	1.10 (1.03–1.18)^b	1.09 (1.03–1.16)^b	1.11 (1.04–1.18)^b
Material status
Middle–high	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Low	1.00 (0.96–1.06)	1.00 (0.96–10.6)	1.01 (0.95–1.08)	1.00 (0.94–1.07)
Physical activity
Sufficient	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Insufficient	1.01 (0.95–1.07)	1.01 (0.96–1.05)	1.03 (0.97–1.09)	1.01 (0.96–1.07)
Elderly Diet Index
Moderate–high	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Low	1.15 (1.15–1.15)^c	1.14 (1.12–1.16)^c	1.17 (1.13–1.20)^c	1.14 (1.12–1.15)^c
Chronic diseases
No	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	1.03 (0.96–1.09)	1.03 (0.96–1.09)	1.03 (0.98–1.09)	1.03 (0.98–1.09)

Notes: Model 1 examines the association between screen-time and “high” psychological distress adjusted for sex, body mass index, sleep quality, self-rated health, material status, physical activity, diet and chronic diseases. Model 2 examines the association between leisure-time and “high” psychological distress adjusted for sex, body mass index, sleep quality, self-rated health, material status, physical activity, diet and chronic diseases. Model 3 examines the association between transport and “high” psychological distress adjusted for sex, body mass index, sleep quality, self-rated health, material status, physical activity, diet and chronic diseases. Model 4 examines the association between total sedentary behavior and “high” psychological distress adjusted for sex, body mass index, sleep quality, self-rated health, material status, physical activity, diet and chronic diseases. ^aP<0.05; ^bP<0.01; ^cP<0.001.