Resilience and recovery style: a retrospective study on associations among personal resources, symptoms, neurocognition, quality of life and psychosocial functioning in psychotic patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the sample

	Total sample (N=44)		Schizophrenia (N=34)		Schizoaffective disorder (N=5)		Other psychotic disorder (N=5)		p
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Gender	30	14	24	10	4	1	2	3
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Sig
Age (years)	46.48	11.53	47.21	11.42	45.60	11.86	42.40	13.66	0.778
Education (years)	9.82	2.5	9.88	2.7	9.80	2.04	9.40	1.34	0.966
Age at first psychotic episode (years)	23.70	7.24	24.09	8.01	23.40	3.57	19.40	6.73	0.463
History of disease (years)	23.50	11.29	23.65	11.26	22.40	10.01	23.60	14.91	0.988

Table 2 Data on resilience, recovery style, neurocognition, psychotic symptomatology, quality of life and social functioning

	Total sample (N=44)		Schizophrenia (N=34)		Schizoaffective disorder (N=5)		Other psychotic disorder (N=5)		Normative scores		Cutoff scores	p
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Sig
MoCA total score	21.34	4.47	21.29	4.98	21.00	2.73	22.00	1.58	-	-	23.28	0.770
RS total score	52.30	9.68	52.26	10.16	48.60	10.33	56.20	3.70	-	-	48–59	0.426
RSQ integrator score	24.11	4.70	23.59	4.80	26.80	5.80	25.00	1.22	-	-	-	0.275
RSQ sealing over score	14.89	4.70	15.41	4.80	12.20	5.80	14.00	1.22	-	-	-	0.275
PANS positive score	18.11	6.80	18.74	6.18	16.80	8.64	15.20	9.52	18.20	6.08	-	0.441
PANS negative score	23.09	8.81	24.65	8.92	16.20	7.75	19.40	4.45	21.01	6.17	-	0.106
PANS general score	45.50	14.84	46.76	15.22	41.40	16.63	41.00	11.04	37.74	9.49	-	0.617
LSP total score	117.73	20.33	118.21	18.18	117.20	30.11	115.00	28.22	118.8	17.7	-	0.993
SQoL total score	51.93	13.22	52.29	13.22	55.20	14.51	46.20	13.08	44.97	21.23	-	0.474

Abbreviations: LSP, Life Skill Profile; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessement; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; RS, Resilience Scale; RSQ, Recovery Style Questionnaire; SQoL, Schizophrenia Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Table 3 Pearson correlations among RS total score, RSQ “integrator” and RSQ “sealing over” score, MoCA total score, PANSS positive, negative and general psychopathology score; LSP total score and SQoL total score

-	RS	RSQ integrator	RSQ sealing over	MoCA	PANSS positive	PANSS negative	PANSS general	LSP	SQoL
RS	1	0.120	−0.120	0.110	0.074	−0.067	0.057	0.076	0.449**
RSQ integrator	0.120	1	−1.000	−0.225	−0.214	−0.215	−0.096	0.354*	0.246
RSQ sealing over	−0.120	−1.000	1	0.225	0.214	0.215	0.096	−0.354*	−0.246
MoCA	0.110	−0.225	0.225	1	0.083	−0.102	−0.123	0.366**	0.111
PANSS positive	0.074	−0.214	0.214	0.083	1	0.059	0.577**	−0.403**	−0.297
PANSS negative	−0.067	−0.215	0.215	−0.102	0.059	1	0.561**	−0.259	−0.151
PANSS general	0.057	−0.096	0.096	−0.123	0.577**	0.561**	1	−0.587**	−0.317*
LSP	0.076	0.354*	−0.354*	0.366*	−0.403**	−0.259	−0.587**	1	0.330*
SQoL	0.449**	0.246	−0.246	0.111	−0.297	−0.151	−0.317*	0.330*	1

Notes: ** p≤0.01; * p≤0.05.

Abbreviations: LSP, Life Skill Profile; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessement; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; RS, Resilience Scale; RSQ, Recovery Style Questionnaire; SQoL, Schizophrenia Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Table 4 Multiple linear regression among LSP and SQoL total score, RS total score, RSQ integrator score, MoCA total score, PANSS positive score, and PANSS general psychopathology score

	Independent variable	B	Beta	R	R^2	Adjusted R^2	(df) = F
LSP	RSQ integrator	1.650**	0.381**	0.764	0.583	0.540	(4,39) =13.643***
	MoCA	1.840**	0.405**
	PANSS positive	−0.297	−0.099
	PANSS general	−0.607**	−0.443**
SQoL	RS PANSS general	0.640** -0.307*	0.469** -0.344*	0.566	0.320	0.320	(2,41) =9.642***

Notes: *** p≤0.001; ** p≤0.01; * p≤0.05.

Abbreviations: LSP, Life Skill Profile; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessement; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; RS, Resilience Scale; RSQ, Recovery Style Questionnaire; SQoL, Schizophrenia Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Table 5 Generalized linear model among LSP and SQoL total score, RS total score, RSQ integrator score, MoCA total score, PANSS positive score and PANSS general psychopathology score

Dependent variable	Covariate variable	B	T	F	Sig
LSP	RSQ integrator	0.452	3.414	11.653	0.002
	MoCA	0.469	3.331	11.096	0.002
	PANSS positive	−0.126	−0.844	0.712	0.405
	PANSS general	−0.428	−2.975	8.851	0.005
	RSQ integrator - MoCA	−0.109	−0.859	0.738	0.396
	RSQ integrator - PANSS positive	0.181	0.895	0.801	0.377
	RSQ integrator - PANSS general	−0.112	−0.651	0.424	0.519
	MoCA - PANSS positive	0.183	0.935	0.874	0.356
	MoCA - PANSS genera	−0.022	−0.152	0.023	0.880
SQoL	RS	0.463	3.601	12.964	0.001
	PANSS general	−0.402	−2.901	8.413	0.006
	RS - PANSS general	0.221	1.118	1.249	0.270

Abbreviations: LSP, Life Skill Profile; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessement; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; RS, Resilience Scale; RSQ, Recovery Style Questionnaire; SQoL, Schizophrenia Quality of Life Questionnaire.