The relationship between procrastination, perceived stress, saliva alpha-amylase level and parenting styles in Chinese first year medical students

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison in perceived stress and saliva α-amylase levels at different time points (M ± SD)

Variables	Week 1	Week 2	Week 4	Change	η^2p	F	P
Perceived Stress	9.17± (1.35)	9.07± (1.09)	8.55± (1.42)	0.61	0.185	15.664	<0.001
Saliva α-Amylase (U/mmol)	100.43± (63.41)	99.94± (60.98)	93.77± (57.70)	70.66	0.138	0.921	0.400

Table 2 Comparisons of perceived stress, saliva α-amylase levels and father and mother parenting styles by procrastination groups (M ± SD)

Variables		High Procrastination (n=52)	Medium Procrastination (n=41)	Low Procrastination (n=47)	F	P
Perceived Stress	PSS (week 1)	9.577±1.93††	9.537±0.51**	8.40±0.54	13.328	<0.001
	PSS (week 2)	9.731±1.19††**	9.293±0.46**	8.17±0.73	40.817	<0.001
	PSS (week 4)	9.173±1.57††**	8.659±0.48	7.79±1.46	14.142	<0.001
Saliva α-Amylase	Saliva (week 1)	155.754±42.60††**	72.628±15.61**	64.52±68.25	54.407	<0.001
	Saliva (week 2)	152.732±65.883††**	92.247±16.02**	47.85±14.87	77.860	<0.001
	Saliva (week 4)	127.986±76.50††**	98.131±17.10**	52.054±12.19	30.942	<0.001
Parenting style father	Warm and affectionate	49.000±5.77†	60.000±2.64	62.89±8.91	64.840	<0.001
	Punishing and severe	17.462±3.29††	13.366±0.49	14.15±6.26	13.195	<0.001
	Overly-Intervening	22.865±2.63††**	18.976±0.69**	17.32±4.24	45.991	<0.001
	Favoring	10.538±4.51	9.000±3.29**	11.21±3.82	3.564	0.031
	Rejecting	9.788±2.44††**	7.268±0.45	6.70±1.82	39.603	<0.001
	Overly-protecting	10.538±2.90	10.171±2.21	10.23±3.31	0.226	0.798
Parenting style mother	Warm and affectionate	55.692±7.91††**	62.610±2.32**	70.17±2.92	93.391	<0.001
	Overly-intervening	30.192±6.75††**	34.049±1.34**	38.77±2.61	45.929	<0.001
	Rejecting	13.596±3.16††**	10.122±0.90**	8.17±0.38	93.510	<0.001
	Punishing and severe	12.000±1.87††	9.561±0.50	10.43±4.69	8.232	<0.001
	Favoring	10.885±4.59	9.220±3.42**	11.17±3.86	2.954	0.055

Notes: †p<0.05, ††p<0.01 compared with the medium group. **p<0.01 compared with the low group.

Abbreviation: PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.

Table 3 Correlations between procrastination, perceived stress and saliva α-amylase levels

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Procrastination	1
PSS week 1	0.459**	1
PSS week 2	0.521**	0.116	1
PSS week 4	0.190*	−0.046	0.644**	1
Saliva week 1	0.535**	0.264**	0.045	0.163	1
Saliva week 2	0.739**	0.239**	0.373**	0.131	0.480**	1
Saliva week 4	0.355**	−0.111	0.628**	0.366**	0.093	0.597**	1

Note: **p<0 0.01, *p<0 0.05.

Abbreviation: PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.

Table 4 Correlations between procrastination, perceived stress, saliva α-amylase levels and parenting styles of father

Father parenting style	Procrastination	PSS Week 1	PSS Week 2	PSS Week 4	Salvia Week 1	Saliva Week 2	Saliva Week 4
Warm and affectionate	−0.600**	−0.318**	−0.138	−0.232**	−0.950**	−0.523**	−0.118
Punishing and severe	0.263**	0.182*	−0.201*	0.227**	0.699**	0.250**	−0.126
Overly-intervening	0.584**	0.324**	0.137	0.263**	0.679**	0.499**	0.105
Favoring	−0.050	−0.019	−0.136	−0.046	0.036	−0.093	−0.153
Rejecting	0.606**	0.402**	−0.012	0.165	0.787**	0.555**	0.008
Overly-protecting	0.010	0.030	0.022	0.141	0.087	0.026	0.006

Notes: **p<0 0.01, *p<0 0.05.

Abbreviation: PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.

Table 5 Correlations between procrastination, perceived stress, and saliva α-amylase levels and parenting styles of mother

Mother parenting style	Procrastination	PSS Week 1	PSS Week 2	PSS Week 4	Saliva Week 1	Saliva Week 2	Saliva Week 4
Warm and affectionate	−0.700**	−0.213*	−0.666**	−0.427**	−0.355**	−0.408**	−0.484**
Overly-intervening	−0.583**	−0.128	−0.606**	−0.340**	−0.207*	−0.335**	−0.463**
Rejecting	0.681**	0.147	0.570**	0.417**	0.500**	0.513**	0.424**
Punishing and severe	0.148	0.102	−0.236**	0.223**	0.621**	0.198*	−0.105
Favoring	−0.029	−0.058	−0.129	−0.028	0.066	−0.045	−0.073

Note: **p<0 0.01, *p<0 0.05

Abbreviation: PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.