Confidence is the plant of slow growth: a moderated mediation model for predicting voice behavior among power distance orientation and team-based self-esteem in Taiwanese nurses

Figures & data

Figure 1 Hypothesized model in the present study.

Table 1 Descriptive statistic of sociological variables

	Mean	Standard deviation	n	%
Age	35.57	9.37
Gender
Female			236	95.9%
Male			10	4.1%
Marital
Unmarried			141	57.6%
Married			104	42.4%
Education
High school andassociate degree			62	25.2%
Bachelor’s degree			177	72.0%
Master’s degree or higher			7	2.8%
Tenure
Lower than 1 year			6	2.4%
1–2 year			23	9.3%
3–4 year			30	12.1%
5–6 year			31	12.6%
Higher than 6 year			157	63.6%
Current tenure
Lower than 1 year			32	13.0%
1–2 year			54	21.9%
3–4 year			33	13.4%
5–6 year			17	6.9%
Higher than 6 year			111	44.9%
Unit
Anesthesiology			100	40.5%
Acute ward and intensive unit			62	25.3%
Operation room			57	23.2%
Others			27	11.0%

Table 2 Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and intercorrelations of psychological variables

	AVE	1	2	3	4
Team-based self-esteem	0.662*	0.814**
Team trust	0.631*	0.478**	0.794**
Voice behavior	0.721*	0.538**	0.589**	0.849**
Power distance orientation	0.517*	0.110**	0.159**	0.175**	0.719**

Note: **p<0.01; *p<0.05.

Abbreviation: AVE, average of variance extracted.

Figure 2 Moderation.

Table 3 Mediation of indirect effect of team-based self-esteem between voice behavior on team trust, and moderated mediation of power distance orientation

	Point estimates	Product of coefficients		P-value	Bootstrapping
					Percentile 95% CI		BC 95% CI
		SE	Z		Lower	Upper	Lower	Upper
Mediation
Total	0.907	0.153	5.94	0.00	0.649	1.249	0.494	0.727
Indirect effect	0.249	0.091	2.72	0.01	0.106	0.476	0.079	0.305
Direct effect	0.658	0.165	3.99	0.00	0.350	0.994	0.252	0.624
Moderated mediation
PDO×TT	0.326	0.156	2.09	0.04
PDO×TBSE	0.028	0.148	0.35	0.73

Abbreviations: PDO, power distance orientation; TT, team trust; TBSE, team-based self-esteem; SE, standard error; BC, bias-corrected; Indirect effect, the mediation of team-based self-esteem between voice behavior and team trust; Direct effect, the direct relationship between voice behavior and team trust; Total, the total effect among indirect and direct effects; PDO×TT; the interaction among power distance orientation and team trust; PDO×TBSE; the interaction among power distance orientation and team-based self-esteem.