School motivation, goal orientation and academic performance in secondary education students

Figures & data

Table 1 Students’ gender, age and academic year

		N	Percentage (%)
Gender	Male	1816	51.07
	Female	1696	48.29
Age	12 years	307	17.89
	13 years	293	16.54
	14 years	403	24.02
	15 years	417	23.93
	16 years	269	14.03
	17 years	56	2.71
	18 years	11	0.88
Academic year	ESO Year 1	338	20.09
	ESO Year 2	436	25.63
	ESO Year 3	567	32.11
	ESO Year 4	415	22.17

Table 2 Descriptives of the variables school motivation, goal orientation and academic performance

		Mean	SD	α
School motivation	Intrinsic to stimulating experiences	4.02	0.69	0.73
	Intrinsic to knowledge	3.80	0.79	0.86
	Intrinsic to achievement	3.91	0.74	0.88
	Extrinsic, external	2.50	0.89	0.75
	Extrinsic, identified	3.53	0.83	0.73
	Extrinsic, introjected	3.74	0.68	0.82
	Amotivation	1.74	0.76	0.82
Goal orientations	Task	4.28	0.58	0.86
	Ego	3.24	0.96	0.83
Academic performance	Mean mark	6.33	1.45	0.84

Table 3 Relation linking school motivation, goal orientation and academic performance

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
School motivation	1. Intrinsic to stimulating experiences	1
	2. Intrinsic to knowledge	0.600**	2
	3. Intrinsic to achievement	0.628**	0.717**	3
	4. Extrinsic, external	0.289**	0.374**	0.328**	4
	5. Extrinsic, identified	0.422**	0.459**	0.451**	0.425**	5
	6. Extrinsic, introjected	0.445**	0.337**	0.396**	0.398**	0.486**	6
	7. Amotivation	−0.170**	−0.097*	−0.117**	0.257**	0.026	0.019	7
Goal orientations	8. Task	0.410**	0.390**	.444**	0.003	0.017	0.012	−0.298**	8
	9. Ego	0.172**	0.036	0.145**	0.328**	0.127**	0.190**	0.205**	0.246**	9
Academic performance	10. Mean mark	0.478**	0.437**	0.378**	0.222**	0.322**	0.298**	−0.320**	0.383**	0.100*

Notes: ^**The correlation is significant at 0.01 (bilateral). ^*The correlation is significant at 0.05 (bilateral).

Table 4 School motivation and goal orientations as predictors of academic performance

Single step	B	Standard error	R^Citation2	t	Sig.
Constant	1.932	0.248		7.804	0.000
Intrinsic motivation –stimulating experiences	0.232	0.048	0.478	4.634	0.000
Amotivation	−0.256	0.038	0.536	−6.782	0.000
Intrinsic motivation – Knowledge	0.123	0.045	0.568	2.744	0.006
Extrinsic motivation – External	0.116	0.035	0.583	3.292	0.001
Intrinsic motivation – Achievement	0.073	0.038	0.588	1.926	0.049
Goal orientation – Task	0.181	0.049	0.601	3.430	0.001

Figure 1 Model of the structural equations among the variables motivation, goal orientations and academic performance.

Palacio S, Caballero C, González O, Gravini M, Contreras K. Relación del burnout y las estrategias de afrontamiento con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. Universytas Psychol. 2012;11(2):234–239.

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