Physical, cognitive, behavior, and negative emotion in older adults living in China: a national population-based survey

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of sample

Characteristic	Overall sample (N=2570)
	N	%
Male	1562	60.78
Age (M±SD)	80.20±8.60
Years of schooling (M±SD)	3.81±3.86
ADL total score (M±SD)	17.78±0.89
IADL total score (M±SD)	21.93±3.69
MMSE total score (M±SD)	21.63±2.23
Negative emotion (M±SD)	8.89±2.64
Category of residence
City	461	17.94
Town	915	35.60
Rural	1194	46.46
Co-residence
With household member(s)	2055	79.96
Alone	460	17.90
In an institution	55	2.14
Marital status
Married and living with spouse	1399	54.44
Married but not living with spouse	49	1.91
Divorced	13	0.51
Widowed	1080	42.02
Never married	29	1.13
Self-rated economic status
Very rich	48	1.87
Rich	482	18.75
So so	1818	70.74
Poor	190	7.39
Very poor	32	1.25

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; mMMSE, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 2 Correlations among central study variables (N=2570)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Physical functioning
1. Self-rated health	–
2. Quality of sleep	0.285**	–
3. ADL	0.107**	0.055**	–
4. IADL	0.226**	0.076**	0.576**	–
Cognitive functioning
5. MMSE	0.115**	0.043*	0.188**	0.344**	–
Behaviors
6. Currently smoking	0.027	0.067**	0.047*	0.107**	0.071**	–
7. Currently drinking	0.101**	0.061**	0.061**	0.128**	0.071**	0.275**	–
8. Exercise regularly	0.111**	0.028	0.060**	0.135**	0.050*	−0.009	0.001	–
9. Done physical labor regularly	0.005	0.003	0.053**	0.067**	0.006	0.076**	0.078**	−0.122**	–
10. Social activities	0.074**	0.040*	0.035	0.139**	0.087**	−0.010	0.028	0.202**	−0.077**	–
11. Negative emotion	−0.391**	−0.236**	−0.100**	−0.179**	−0.098**	−0.003	−0.053**	−0.208**	0.061**	−0.123**	–

Notes: **P<0.01 (two-tailed); *P<0.05 (two-tailed).

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; mMMSE, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination.

Table 3 Regression models predicting negative emotion: domain-Specific and combined models (N=2570)

Variable	B	SE	β	P-value
Demographic model (final model adjusted R^2=0.095, F(7, 2562)=39.481, P<0.001)
Gender	0.457	0.113	0.084	<0.001
Age at testing	0.003	0.006	0.011	0.596
Years of schooling	−0.036	0.014	−0.052	0.014
Category of residence	0.440	0.069	0.125	<0.001
Co-residence	0.164	0.120	0.029	0.172
Marital status	0.059	0.042	0.033	0.161
Self-rated economic status	−0.969	0.083	−0.223	<0.001
Physical functioning model (final model adjusted R^2=0.177, F(4, 2565)=139.096, P<0.001)
Self-rated health	−1.014	0.058	−0.332	<0.001
Quality of sleep	−0.389	0.054	−0.134	<0.001
ADL	−0.012	0.065	−0.004	0.849
IADL	−0.065	0.016	−0.091	<0.001
Cognitive functioning model (final model adjusted R^2=0.009, F(1, 2568)=24.725, P<0.001)
MMSE	−0.116	0.023	−0.098	<0.001
Behaviors model (final model adjusted R^2=0.052, F(5, 2564)=29.263, P<0.001)
Currently smoking (1=yes, 0=no)	0.043	0.125	0.007	0.733
Currently drinking (1=yes, 0=no)	−0.351	0.128	−0.055	0.006
Exercise regularly (1=yes, 0=no)	−1.001	0.106	−0.187	<0.001
Done physical labor regularly (1=yes, 0=no)	0.236	0.130	0.035	0.069
Social activities (5=almost everyday, 1=never)	−0.203	0.049	−0.081	<0.001
Combined model (final model adjusted R^2=0.237, F(11, 2558)=73.583, P<0.001)
Gender	0.338	0.105	0.063	0.001
Years of schooling	−0.021	0.013	−0.031	0.111
Category of residence	0.370	0.065	0.105	<0.001
Self-rated economic status	−0.572	0.078	−0.132	<0.001
Self-rated health	−0.890	0.058	−0.291	<0.001
Quality of sleep	−0.332	0.053	−0.114	<0.001
IADL	−0.057	0.014	−0.080	<0.001
MMSE	0.001	0.022	0.001	0.971
Currently drinking (1=yes, 0=no)	0.068	0.116	0.011	0.555
Exercise regularly (1=yes, 0=no)	−0.550	0.099	−0.103	<0.001
Social activities (5=almost everyday, 1=never)	−0.078	0.045	−0.031	0.081

Note: Variable selection for combined models was based on including all variables from domain-specific models with P≤0.05.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; mMMSE, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination.