Peer Victimization, Maternal Control, And Adjustment Problems Among Left-Behind Adolescents From Father-Migrant/Mother Caregiver Families

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic background of study participants

Continuous Variables	M(SD)	Range
Age	13.51 (1.03)	12–16
Subjective socioeconomic status	4.26 (1.48)	1–10
Categorical Variables	n	%
Gender
Boys	90	46.4
Girls	95	49.0
Participated but did not report gender	9	4.6
Education level of mothers
Primary education or below	133	68.6
Junior high school education	52	26.8
Senior high school education	6	3.1
Associate’s degree	1	0.5
Participated but did not report maternal education	2	1.0
Left-behind time
2 years below	104	53.6
2–4 years	19	9.8
More than 4 years	25	12.9
Participated but did not report left-behind time	46	23.7

Note: Missing of age and subjective socioeconomic status was 1 (0.5%) and 10 (5.2%) respectively.

Table 2 Mean differences between boys and girls on primary study variables

	Boys		Girls		t	Cohen’s d
	M	SD	M	SD
Peer victimization	0.68	0.48	0.62	0.46	0.86	0.13
Maternal psychological control	2.97	0.62	2.78	0.77	1.68	0.27
Maternal behavioral control	2.19	0.48	2.33	0.43	−2.07*	−0.31
Self-injury behaviors	1.11	0.36	1.10	0.20	0.31	0.03
Depression	1.89	0.45	2.03	0.49	−1.95	−0.30
Loneliness	1.80	0.81	1.79	0.80	0.13	0.01

Note: *P < 0.05.

Table 3 Descriptive statistics and correlations of study variables

	M (SD)	1	2	3	4	5
1 Peer victimization	0.65 (0.47)	1.00
2 MPC	2.87 (0.71)	0.13	1.00
3 MBC	2.24 (0.48)	−0.14	−0.02	1.00
4 Self-injury behavior	1.12 (0.31)	0.33***	0.22**	−0.16*	1.00
5 Depression	1.97 (0.48)	0.46***	0.31***	−0.31***	0.36***	1.00
6 Loneliness	1.80 (0.81)	0.46***	0.27***	−0.17*	0.26***	0.57***

Notes: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

Abbreviations: MPC, maternal psychological control, MBC, maternal behavioral control.

Figure 1 Three-way interaction between peer victimization, maternal psychological control, and maternal behavioral control on left-behind adolescent’s self-injury behaviors.

Abbreviaions: MPC, maternal psychological control, MBC, maternal behavioral control.

Notes: Self-injury behaviors is a standardized variable. High and low values correspond to ± 1 SD of the mean, respectively.

Table 4 Summary of the hierarchical multiple regression analyses

	Self-Injury		Depression		Loneliness
	β	R^2	β	R^2	β	R^2
Step 1		0.00		0.20		0.00
Gender	−0.04		−0.40**		−0.14
Step 2		0.20***		0.38***		0.25***
PV	0.30***		0.39***		0.41***
MPC	0.14*		0.27**		0.21**
MBC	−0.07		−0.30***		−0.12
Step 3		0.37***		0.39		0.27
MPC × MBC	−0.16**		−0.08		−0.11
PV × MPC	0.26**		0.01		0.07
PV × MBC	−0.16*		−0.03		0.00
Step 4		0.49***		0.39		0.27
PV × MPC × MBC	−0.35***		0.02		−0.02

Notes: Gender coded as 0 = girl and 1 = boy. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

Abbreviations: PV, peer victimization, MPC, maternal psychological control, MBC, maternal behavioral control.