Relation of the Psychological Constructs of Resilience, Mindfulness, and Self-Compassion on the Perception of Physical and Mental Health

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Sample Characteristics^a

Age^b (range: 18–88)	49.16 (16.97)
Gender, male*	386 (43.8)
Civil Status*
Married	558 (63.3)
Widowed	63 (7.1)
Separated/Divorced	58 (6.6)
Single	203 (23.0)
Education Level*
No education	146 (16.6)
Primary Education	382 (43.4)
Secondary Education	225 (25.5)
College Education	129 (14.5)
Work Status*
Working	382 (43.4)
Temporary disability	15 (1.7)
Unemployed	150 (17.0)
Housekeeper	65 (7.4)
Retired	212 (24.1)
Student	43 (4.9)
Other	15 (1.7)
Working, for at least one year*	744 (84.4)

Notes: ^an=882; ^bmean (SD); *Frequency (percentage).

Table 2 Physical and Mental Health Characteristics of the Sample^a

Physical Health
SF-36^b,c	46.42 (9.74)
Smoker*
No	457(51.8)
Ex-smoker	235(26.6)
Yes	190(21.5)
Alcohol*
0–9 gr/week	328(37.2)
10–139 gr/week	355(40.2)
140–279 gr/week	120(13.6)
280+ gr/week	79(9.0)
Physical Activity*
Low	328(37.2)
Moderate	327(37.1)
High	227(25.7)
Comorbidity*
Obese or overweight	261 (29.5)
Hypertension	230 (26.1)
Diabetes mellitus (type 2)	85 (9.6)
Hyperlipidemia	224 (25.4)
Myocardial ischemia	32 (3.6)
Heart failure	14 (1.6)
Renal failure	13 (1.5)
Hepatic disease	43 (4.9)
Asthma	55 (6.2)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	11 (1.2)
Rheumatic disease	12 (1.4)
Cardiovascular disease	13 (1.5)
Osteoporosis	23 (2.6)
Cancer	36 (4.1)
Psoriasis	33 (3.7)
Thyroid disease	65 (7.4)
Migraines	50 (5.7)
Mental Health
SF-36^b,c	48.65 (11.61)
Anxiety, yes*	193 (22.0)
Depression, yes*	219 (24.9)
Previous episode of depression, yes*	123 (13.9)

Notes: ^an=882; ^bMean (SD); ^cSummative standardized component of SF-36; *Frequency (percentage).

Table 3 Psychological Characteristics of Sample

	N	Mean (SD)	Range^a
Resilience	828	26.87(7.21)	0–40
Mindfulness
FFMQ-SF
Observe	778	13,20 (3.59)	4–20
Describe	795	16.47(4.31)	5–25
Act Aware	744	20.00(3.71)	5–25
No judgment	773	16.57 (4.07)	5–25
No reaction	733	12.98(3.31)	5–25
Self-Compassion
Kindness to oneself	791	3.20(0.99)	1–5
Common Humanity	778	3.08(1.00)	1–5
Mindfulness	797	3.60(1.05)	1–5
Self-judgment	781	2.95(1.11)	1–5
Isolation	791	2.83(1.19)	1–5
Over-identification	792	3.16(1.72)	1–5

Note: ^aRange: minimum to maximum of questionnaires.

Table 4 Bivariate Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Between Physical and Mental Health Perception and Psychological Constructs

Variable	N	Mean	Standard Deviation	r	P-value
Physical Health (SF-36)
Resilience	828	26.87	7.21	0.18**	0.03
Self-Compassion
Kindness to oneself	791	3.20	0.99	0.04
Common humanity	778	3.08	1.00	0.02
Mindfulness	797	3.60	1.05	−0.00
Self-judgment	781	2.95	1.11	−0.07*	0.00
Isolation	791	2,83	1.19	−0.04
Over- identification	792	3.16	1.72	−0.04
Mindfulness
Observe	778	13.20	3.59	0.04
Describe	795	16.47	4.31	0.14**	0.02
Act aware	744	20.00	3.71	0.07*	0.00
No judgment	773	16.57	4.07	0.01
No reaction	733	12.98	3.31	0.10*	0.01
Mental Health (SF-36)
Resilience	828	26.87	7.21	0.34*	0.11
Self-Compassion
Kindness to oneself	791	3.20	0.99	0.30**	0.09
Common humanity	778	3.08	1.00	0.05
Mindfulness	797	3.60	1.05	0.31**	0.09
Self-judgment	781	2.95	1.11	−0.16**	0.02
Isolation	791	2.83	1.19	−0.34**	0.11
Over-identification	792	3.16	1.72	−0.36**	0.13
Mindfulness
Observe	778	13.20	3.59	−0.03
Describe	795	16.47	4.31	0.18**	0.03
Act aware	744	20.00	3.71	0.30**	0.09
No judgment	773	16.57	4.07	0.33**	0.11
No reaction	733	12.98	3.31	0.25**	0.06

Notes: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; P value obtained by simple linear regression. The higher the score on the resilience scales, the five facets of mindfulness and the compassion subscales of kindness, common humanity and mindfulness, the higher the score on the psychological construct. Higher values in the compassion subscales of self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification imply lower scores on the psychological construct of compassion.

Abbreviation: r, Pearson Correlation.

Table 5 Potential Explanation of Independent Variable of Study with Regards to Physical Health Perception (SF-36)

Independent Variables	Ry.123	R^Citation2y.123	F (Df1/Df2)	P^a
	0.45	0.21	7.83(19/577)	<0.001
	R	Beta	t	p^b
Intercept		38.03	7.41	<0.001
Age	−0.35	−0.24	−5.10	<0.001
Education	0.32	0.20	4.37	<0.001
Physical Activity	0.13	0.09	2.28	0.023
Resilience	0.17	0.12	2.56	0.011
Mindfulness
Act aware	0.11	0.12	2.72	0.007
Self-compassion
Mindfulness	−0.01	−0.13	−2.70	0.007

Abbreviations: R_y.123, Multiple correlation coefficient; R²_y.123, Coefficient of multiple determination; p^a, P value for associated variance with regression; R, raw correlation; Beta, standardized slope; p^b, Wald test results P value.

Table 6 Potential Explanation of Independent Variables of Study with Regards to Mental Health Perception (SF-36)

Independent Variables	Ry.123	R^Citation2y.123	F (Df1/Df2)	P^a
	0.55	0.30	13.10 (19/577)	<0.001
	R	Beta	t	p^b
Intercept		26.39	4.62	<0.001
Smoking	−0.06	−0.09	−2.39	0.017
Resilience	0.38	0.21	4.66	<0.001
Mindfulness
Describe	0.17	−0.09	−1.98	0.048
Act aware	0.31	0.10	2.41	0.016
No judgment	0.34	0.18	3.98	<0.001
No reaction	0.21	0.08	1.90	0.058
Self-Compassion
Kindness to oneself	0.30	0.13	2.89	0.004

Abbreviations: R_y.123, Coefficient of multiple correlation; R²_y.123, Correlation of multiple determination; p^a, P value for the associated variance with regression analysis; R, raw correlation; Beta, standardized slope; p^b, P value for Wald test result.

Johansson H, Weinehall L, Emmelin M. “It depends on what you mean”: a qualitative study of Swedish health professionals’ views on health and health promotion. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9(1):191. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-9-19119845948

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Availability of Data and Material

Data supporting the findings presented in the current study will be available from the corresponding author upon request.