Why Do Most Restrained Eaters Fail in Losing Weight?: Evidence from an fMRI Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Sample

Variable	S-REs (n=18)	US-REs (n=17)	UREs (n=17)	F	p
Age	20.56±1.95	20.83±1.47	21.00±1.70	0.601	0.728
BMI	20.67±2.21	20.94±1.86	19.04±1.94	0.657	0.837
Fasting time	13.83±1.99	14.38±2.15	13.47±2.23	0.754	0.708
Hunger1	61.78±16.65	67.78±16.20	67.88±15.80	0.990	0.379
Hunger2	64.00±27.24	64.28±15.13	64.71±17.36	0.484	0.902
Hunger3	74.17±38.51	111.83±56.98	133.82±125.29	1.055	0.420
Hunger4	38.72±16.73	25.28±17.16	39.12±20.63	0.733	0.701
Menstrual phase	1.89±0.32	1.78±0.43	1.82±0.39	1.576	0.124
DEBQ- Restricted	3.50±0.37	3.56±0.42	2.19±0.54	46.065	0.000
DEBQ -Emotional	3.13±0.52	3.92±0.37	3.19±0.59	11.311	0.001
DEBQ –External	2.02±0.45	3.57±0.69	2.88±1.10	17.384	0.000

Note: Values given are mean±standard deviation.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index (kg/m²).

Figure 1 The examples of high caloric (First line) and low caloric food (Second line).

Figure 2 An example of a trail.

Figure 3 Brain activation when viewing highly caloric food stimuli. Color-coded areas represent activation in restrained eaters (red) and unrestrained eaters (blue). Upper limit z score (represented by color-coded bars) was used to portray activated areas.

Table 2 Local Maxima During Participants Judged the Pictures in the Whole Brain Under High-Caloric Condition. Regions are Shown for the Contrast Conditions at P<0.001 with an Extent Threshold of 10 Voxels Among Participants

Comparison and Location	Hemisphere	Peak t-Value	Size Voxels	MNI Coordinate Peak
S-REs> UREs				x	y	z
Middle frontal gyrus	Right	3.64	78	39	48	30
Middle cingulate gyrus	Right	3.89	47	27	−24	39
Cerebellum	Left	3.67	17	−30	−69	−24
UREs > S-REs
Inferior orbitofrontal cortex	Left	3.66	25	−45	42	−15
Caudate	Left	3.78	32	−9	15	−12
S-REs > US-REs
Middle frontal gyrus	Left	3.62	24	−48	48	15
Cerebellum	Left	3.89	31	33	−78	−24
US-REs > S-REs
Middle/Inferior orbitofrontal cortex	Left	3.62	24	−48	48	15
Hippocampus	Right	3.81	12	39	−21	−18
UREs >US-REs
Superior frontal gyrus	Lef	3.70	22	−21	27	60
Cerebellum	Left	3.69	53	−12	−54	−30
US-REs > UREs
No activation

Table 3 Local Maxima During Participants Judged the Pictures in the Whole Brain Under Low Caloric Condition. Regions are Shown for the Contrast Conditions at P<0.001 with an Extent Threshold of 10 Voxels Among Participants

Comparison and Location	Hemisphere	Peak t-Value	Size Voxels	MNI Coordinate Peak
S-REs> UREs				x	y	z
Middle frontal gyrus	Right	3.60	12	33	48	36
Cerebellum	Right	3.90	17	45	−66	−24
UREs > S-REs
Caudate	Left	3.48	11	−12	15	−12
Inferior orbitofrontal cortex	Left	3.56	19	−45	48	−15
S-REs > US-REs
No activation
US-REs > S-REs
Middle orbitofrontal cortex	Left	3.40	5	−36	45	−9
UREs > US-REs
No activation
US-REs > UREs
No activation