Examining Anxiety, Life Satisfaction, General Health, Stress and Coping Styles During COVID-19 Pandemic in Polish Sample of University Students

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Sample

Demographic Variables	n	%
Age	23.04	2.60
Gender
Women	394	43.11
Men	520	56.89
Faculty
Physical Education and Physiotherapy	350	38.29
Economics and Management	64	7.00
Production Engineering and Logistics	88	9.52
Civil Engineering and Architecture	31	3.39
Mechanical	94	10.28
Technical Systems Engineering	5	0.55
Electrical Engineering. Automation and Computer Science	282	30.85
Level of study
First degree (undergraduate. engineering. BA)	566	61.93
Secondary degree (master. MA)	242	26.48
Master degree five-years study (MA)	98	10.72
Third degree (doctoral)	8	0.88
Year of study
First	308	33.70
Second	233	25.49
Third	236	25.82
Fourth	72	7.88
Fifth	65	7.11
Type of study
Full-time studies	759	83.04
Extramural	155	16.96

Table 2 Descriptive Statistics in the Total Sample (N = 914)

					95% CI
Variables	Range	M	SD	SE	LL	UL
Health – current status (CS)	1–5	2.38	0.82	0.03	2.33	2.44
Health – compared to others	1–5	2.48	0.92	0.03	2.42	2.54
Health – before quarantine (BQ)	1–5	2.26	0.79	0.03	2.21	2.32
Health – in comparison CS and BQ	1–5	3.09	0.67	0.02	3.05	3.13
Satisfaction with life	5–35	21.97	5.86	0.19	21.59	22.35
General anxiety disorder	0–21	7.85	5.59	0.18	7.48	8.21
Perceived stress	0–40	20.32	8.38	0.28	19.78	20.87
Task-oriented coping style	16–80	52.48	10.78	0.36	51.78	53.18
Emotion-oriented coping style	16–80	40.65	12.86	0.43	39.82	41.48
Avoidance-oriented coping style	16–80	43.89	9.44	0.31	43.27	44.50

Table 3 Means, Standard Deviations, and Two-Way ANOVA Statistics for Study Variables

	Women		Men
Variables	M	SD	M	SD	F(1910)	ηp^2
Health – current status (CS)	2.44	0.77	2.34	0.85	5.28*	0.01
Health – compared to others	2.52	0.89	2.46	0.95	4.77*	0.01
Health – before quarantine (BQ)	2.26	0.74	2.27	0.83	0.81	0.00
Health – in comparison CS and BQ	3.14	0.65	3.05	0.68	4.70*	0.01
Satisfaction with life	22.61	5.51	21.49	6.08	2.59	0.00
General anxiety disorder	8.86	5.40	7.08	5.61	30.29***	0.03
Perceived stress	21.64	8.00	19.33	8.53	24.51***	0.03
Task-oriented coping style	52.33	9.87	52.60	11.43	0.29	0.00
Emotion-oriented coping style	42.63	13.13	39.15	12.46	17.97***	0.02
Avoidance-oriented coping style	46.67	8.59	41.78	9.52	35.78***	0.04
	PEP		ENG
Variables	M	SD	M	SD	F(1910)	ηp^2
Health – current status (CS)	2.35	0.75	2.40	0.86	2.56	0.00
Health – compared to others	2.35	0.82	2.56	0.97	13.76***	0.01
Health – before quarantine (BQ)	2.19	0.71	2.31	0.83	5.79**	0.01
Health – in comparison CS and BQ	3.09	0.65	3.09	0.68	0.63	0.00
Satisfaction with life	22.80	5.52	21.46	6.02	7.06**	0.01
General anxiety disorder	7.53	5.35	8.04	5.72	8.11**	0.01
Perceived stress	19.72	7.79	20.70	8.71	9.27**	0.01
Task-oriented coping style	52.56	9.99	52.44	11.26	0.07	0.00
Emotion-oriented coping style	40.60	12.96	40.68	12.81	1.68	0.00
Avoidance-oriented coping style	46.84	9.01	42.05	9.24	33.31***	0.04

Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Figure 1 Mean values of standardized Z-scores for satisfaction with life, perceived stress, general anxiety disorder, task-, emotion-, and avoidance-oriented coping,styles in a five groups of students representing self-rated current health status in comparison to the situation before coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak, as ranged between 1 = Much better to 5 = Much worst. Error bars represent 95% CI.

Table 4 Correlation Matrix Between All Variables

Variables		1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.
1.	Perceived stress
2.	Satisfaction with life	−.49***
3.	Health – current status	0.44***	−.37***
4.	Health – before quarantine	0.27***	−.30***	0.69***
5.	General anxiety disorder	0.73***	−.35***	0.41***	0.20***
6.	Task-oriented coping style	−.24***	0.24***	−.19***	−.17***	−.06
7.	Emotion-oriented coping style	0.64***	−.40***	0.38***	0.24***	0.66***	−.01
8.	Avoidance-oriented coping style	0.18***	0.00	0.09**	−.03	0.21***	0.17***	0.38***

Notes: **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Table 5 Hierarchical Regression Results for Perceived Stress

			95% CI for b
Variables		b	LL	UL	SE b	β	R^2	R^2adj.
Step 1							0.03	0.03***
	Constant	22.61***	21.58	23.64	0.52
	Gender	−2.81***	−3.94	−1.68	0.58	−0.17***
	Faculty	−1.79**	−2.94	−0.64	0.59	−0.10**
Step 2							0.61	0.60***
	Constant	19.84***	17.53	22.14	1.17
	Gender	−1.14**	−1.88	−0.40	0.38	−0.07**
	Faculty	−0.31	−1.05	0.42	0.38	−0.02
	Health – current status	0.99***	0.51	1.46	0.24	0.10***
	Satisfaction with life	−0.36***	−0.43	−0.30	0.03	−0.26***
	General anxiety disorder	0.88***	0.81	0.95	0.04	0.59***
Step 3							0.65	0.65***
	Constant	19.68***	16.71	22.65	1.51
	Gender	−0.83*	−1.54	−0.12	0.36	−0.05*
	Faculty	−0.50	−1.22	0.21	0.36	−0.03
	Health – current status	0.58*	0.12	1.04	0.23	0.06*
	Satisfaction with life	−0.26***	−0.32	−0.19	0.03	−0.18***
	General anxiety disorder	0.71***	0.63	0.79	0.04	0.47***
	Task-oriented coping style	−0.12***	−0.15	−0.09	0.02	−0.16***
	Emotion-oriented coping style	0.15***	0.11	0.18	0.02	0.22***
	Avoidance-oriented coping style	0.01	−0.03	0.05	0.02	0.01

Notes: Gender was coded: Women = 0, Men = 1; Faculty was coded: ENG = 0, PEP = 1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.