The Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Mental Health Among Residents of Assela Town

Figures & data

Figure 1 Likelihood of contracting COVID-19.

Figure 2 Likelihood of surviving if infected with COVID-19.

Figure 3 Participants concern about other family members getting COVID-19 infection.

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Participants (n=211)

No.	Demographic Characteristics		n	%
1	Sex	Male	148	70.1
		Female	63	29.9
2	Age	18–24	12	5.7
		25–34	67	31.8
		35–44	67	31.8
		45–54	47	22.3
		55±	18	8.5
3	Marital status	Never married	59	28
		Married	146	69.2
		Divorced	4	2
		Separated	1	0.5
		Widowed	1	0.5
4	Number of children	No children	44	20.9
		1–3 children	128	60.7
		4–6 children	34	16.1
		>6 children	5	2.4
5	Occupation	Housewife	5	2.4
		Trader	46	21.8
		Government employee	124	58.8
		Private business owner	36	17.1
		Others	0	0
6	Educational level	Illiterate	18	8.5
		Primary education	14	6.6
		Secondary education	29	13.7
		Vocational training	23	10.9
		Diploma	39	18.5
		Degree	45	21.3
		Master’s degree and above	43	20.4
7	Have you experienced any mental health problem before?	Never	196	92.9
		To some extent	15	7.1
		Yes, I have experienced severely	0	0

Table 2 Participants Implementation of COVID-19 Prevention Mechanisms

Item		Always		Most of the Time		Sometimes		Occasionally		Never		Total
		n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
1	Washing hands/ using sanitizer after touching objects.	93	44.1	69	32.7	32	15.2	17	8.1	–	–	211	100
2	Wearing a mask regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms	84	39.8	83	39.3	30	14.2	11	5.2	3	1.4	211	100
3	Covering mouth when coughing and sneezing	129	61.1	50	23.7	16	7.6	15	7.1	1	0.5	211	100
4	Washing hands immediately after coughing sneezing, or rubbing nose	50	23.7	57	27.0	50	23.7	32	15.2	22	10.4	211	100
5	Avoiding sharing utensils during meals	119	56.4	37	17.5	19	9.0	13	6.2	23	10.9	211	100

Table 3 Depressive Symptom Among Participants During COVID-19 Outbreak

No	Cutoff Point	All Participants Together		Male		Female
		n (%)	M (SD)	n (%)	M (SD)	n (%)	M (SD)
1	0–4=no depression at all	114 (54)	1.9 (1.3)	74 (50)	1.79 (1.29)	40 (63.49)	2.07 (1.3)
2	5–9=mild depression	52 (24)	6.9 (1.3)	39 (26)	6.9 (1.39)	13 (20.63)	6.9 (1.25)
3	10–14=moderate depression	18 (8.5)	11.8 (1.3)	14 (9.4)	11.78 (1.36)	4 (6.34)	11.75 (1.25)
4	15–19=moderate-severe depression	10 (4.7)	16 (1.42)	7 (4.7)	16.28 (1.38)	3 (4.76)	17.3 (1.5)
5	20–27=severe depression	17 (8.5)	22.64 (1.93)	14 (9.4)	22.6 (2.09)	3 (4.76)	22.6 (1.15)

Table 4 Level of Anxiety Among the Study Participants

State Anxiety	Cut-off Point	Total Participants		Male		Female
		n (%)	M (SD)	n (%)	M (SD)	N (%)	M(SD)
STAI-S	≤32	34 (16.11)	27.44 (4.054)	25 (16.89)	27.72 (3.67)	9 (14.28)	26.67 (5.15)
	33 ≤47.34	152 (72.03)	40 (3.9)	109 (73.62)	40.16 (3.7)	43 (68.25)	40.2 (4.4)
	>47.34	25 (11.84)	52.76 (3.9)	14 (9.45)	53 (3.96)	11 (17.46)	52.7 (3.8)

Notes: For STAI-S, >47.34 severe anxiety level, 33≤47.34 moderate anxiety level and ≤32 low anxiety level.

Table 5 Independent Sample t-test Result for Depression and Anxiety Across Participants’ Gender

			Independent Sample t-test
Variable	Sex	n	Mean	SD	t	Sig. (2-tailed)	df
Depressive symptom	Male	148	6.7432	6.7	1.35	0.176	209
	Female	63	5.42	5.7
State-anxiety	Male	148	39.22	7.37	3.3	0.01	209
	Female	63	43.38	10.3

Table 6 Descriptive Statistics Result for Depressive Symptom and State Anxiety Score Across Participants’ Age

Descriptive
Depressive Symptom					Anxiety Mean Score
	n	Mean	SD	SE	n	Mean	SD	SE
18–24	12	5.6667	5.08712	1.46852	12	34.7500	7.44831	2.15014
25–34	68	7.3971	7.08612	0.85932	68	41.7206	8.35561	1.01327
35–44	67	6.7612	6.52057	0.79661	67	39.4030	8.03413	0.98153
45–54	47	4.2128	4.86753	0.71000	47	45.1702	14.47835	2.11188
55+	17	6.8235	7.56832	1.83559	17	45.6471	14.46522	3.50833
Total	211	6.3412	6.46287	0.44492	211	41.6730	10.75760	0.74058

Table 7 ANOVA Result for Depressive Symptoms and State Anxiety Mean Score Across Participants’ Age

ANOVA
Depressive Symptom						State-anxiety
	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Between Groups	309.963	4	77.491	1.887	0.114	1763.855	4	440.964	4.030	0.004
Within Groups	8461.468	206	41.075			22538.581	206	109.411
Total	8771.431	210				24302.436	210

Note: p<0.05.

Table 8 ANOVA with Post Hoc Multiple Comparison

Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: State-anxiety Total Tukey's HSD
(I) Participants Age	(J) Participants Age	Mean Difference (I-J)	SE	Sig.	95% Confidence Interval
					Lower Bound	Upper Bound
18–24	25–34	−6.97059	3.27514	0.212	−15.9841	2.0429
	35–44	−4.65299	3.27880	0.616	−13.6765	4.3706
	45–54	−10.42021*	3.38311	0.020	−19.7308	−1.1096
	55+	−10.89706*	3.94379	0.049	−21.7507	−0.0434
25–34	18–24	6.97059	3.27514	0.212	−2.0429	15.9841
	35–44	2.31760	1.80055	0.699	−2.6377	7.2729
	45–54	−3.44962	1.98415	0.413	−8.9102	2.0109
	55+	−3.92647	2.83635	0.638	−11.7324	3.8794
35–44	18–24	4.65299	3.27880	0.616	−4.3706	13.6765
	25–34	−2.31760	1.80055	0.699	−7.2729	2.6377
	45–54	−5.76723*	1.99020	0.034	−11.2444	−0.2900
	55+	−6.24407	2.84058	0.185	−14.0616	1.5735

Note: *The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.